The Use of Force - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1549 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The Use of Force The point of view in the story â€Å"The Use of Force† is in first person narrative. This conveys inner the inner thoughts of the narrator as the doctor. The doctor is a reliable narrator and an observer. I feel that his personality is brought out in the doctor. So the doctors thoughts and behaviors are a reflection of the authors. As for the setting it takes place at a family’s home. I think it takes place somewhere in the early 1900s. I think it would make a difference to the story if it were set somewhere else, only because if the sick girl was brought to like a hospital for example, maybe she would have been diagnosed and helped sooner without all the hassle that occurred at the house. The diction of the story is simple. It doesnt seem too complicated and is easy to make sense of. The author makes his points, and plot of the story clear and easy to understand. The personality of the Doctor is thoughtful. He comes into the house trying to help the sick girl, but after he realizes how shes behaving his personality starts to change. He gets a lot less patient and angrier. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Use of Force" essay for you Create order The mothers personality is sort of frantic and nervous. Shes worried about her child, and when the doctor has to use other methods of helping her, she starts to become more worrisome and a little annoying. The fathers personality is kind of concealed but nervous too about his daughter. He doesn’t seem to show much emotion. The daughters personality is concealed and aggressive. I think the doctors personality has he most dramatic change in the story. Like I said, he comes into the house ready to help someone, and after all the being shut out by the child, he starts to get angrier and his thoughts become a little more darker. The conflict in the story is trying to help this little girl. I feel like the conflict changes when the girl becomes more aggressive and wont give in to getting help. The conflict reaches a climax at the end when the doctor struggles to get the girls mouth open and she refuses. The resolution is when the wooden stick breaks, so he uses a metal spoon and he finally gets her mouth open and figures out what was wrong with her. The effect that this plot had on the story is that it put the focus on the girl and doctor. I think the theme to the story is irony. The reason I think its irony is because of the conflict between the doctor and the girl. You would expect a doctor to be gentle and trustful. Thats the way it starts out in the story but when the girl starts refusing medical attention, the doctor must use methods of forcing her. Thats where the name â€Å"The Use of Force† plays in. the theme does provide insight on the human condition, it shows that under a certain amount of stress, or anger, your mindset or personality could change instantly. I don’t think any of the characters experienced an epiphany. â€Å"A Visit Of Charity. † The point of view in the story â€Å"A visit of Charity† is in the third person narrative. I don’t think it really portrays much of the author. I think its just telling the story from the little girl, Marians, point of view. I think Marian is very observant. She noticed a lot of things throughout the story. Like the relationship between the old women. The condition of the room, the way the old women spoke to each other. I don’t think her personality has much effect on whats going on with the old women. The story takes place in an old womens home. Not too sure when this story takes place. It doesn’t give too much detail on that. I think it would change the story a lot if the location were changed. Marian wouldn’t of been able to observe or communicate with the old women if it were somewhere else, the way she did at the old womens home. I don’t think it would of made sense anywhere else. The dictation Marians personality is very shy, scared, and nervous throughout the story. The first old womens personality was very outgoing, talkative and she liked to communicate. The second old women, Addie, was bitter, angry and very pessimistic. No, I don’t think any of the characters personalities changed in the story. So it didn’t effect the point of the story. Something that really puzzled me in the story was when the first old lady ran after Marian in the hall and sort of grabbed her by her hair and asked her for a penny. I didn’t understand that point and I don’t think it made much sense to the story. The conflict in the story is when Marian actually goes into the old womens room. The conflict isn’t very clear, but its very obvious there is a problem. The first old women is very outgoing, and the second old women, is angry, and bitter. So there’s a bit of clashing going on with them and it shows when they spoke to each other. The events that led up to the plot are Marian going into the Old womens home, being in the room and communicating with them til finally she gets so scared she runs out. The theme of this story is also irony. Everything in the story conveyed the theme irony, only because everything seemed like the opposite of what it should have been. For instance when Marian goes to the old womens home for charity. The purpose of charity is to help people who cant help themselves, or to do something nice for someone. In the story, Marian isn’t doing it to be helpful, she is only visiting the old women for extra points for her campfire girls. Another example of the irony was the old women constantly disagreed or contradicted each other. One old women was overly optimistic and ignorant of Addies constant negativity and rudeness towards her. You would expect that since they are roommates and they have no one but each other, that they would get along more and respect each other more, but that’s obviously not the case. The theme does provide insight on the human condition because I think that everyone portrays a little bit of irony in what they do. I don’t think any of the characters had an epiphany during the story. The Gift of Sweat† The point of view in the story â€Å"The Gift of Sweat† is in first person narrative. What this adds to the story is that the author herself might just be the character in the story. The author/character is in fact a reliable narrator, she is very descriptive and detailed. The story I think mainly takes place in Ricks apartment, although the story does reference a few other places such as the hostess, and the hospital. As for the time period that it takes place, that is not very clear. I think changing the setting of the story would effect it. I think since it takes place at Ricks apartment, it kind of represents a stronger relationship between the two. It gives off the sense that theres something between them, personally. If it were changed, for example like at a restauraunt or school, it wouldnt give off that vibe of the two being so close and somewhat intimate with eachother? It seems intimate only becaause of how the women goes to Ricks apartment, and at the end when he gets her a â€Å"gift. † The diction of the story The personality of Ricks women friend is caring and maybe somehow affectionate. Ricks personality is similar. They both are also very friendly with each other. Ricks character does change in the story, I think it happens when he suddenly gets sick. He becomes more weak and his personality seems like it changed also. The conflict in the story is when Rick suddenly gets sick. I didnt realize he was sick from aids, til I read the student analysis of the story in the textbook, so thats when I figured out what was wrong with him. I main events leading up to the plot arent shown in the story, its sort of told to you. The story talks about Ricks friend Barry, who we later find out is Ricks lover. It starts from there. Barry dies from AIDS, and its inferred that Rick now has AIDS. The story reaches its climax when the lady friend comes to Ricks apartment and finds him sick. The resolution I think is when he goes to the hospital. I think the theme in this story is friendship. Im not 100% sure but im not getting any other ideas on it. The reason I think its friendship is because these two people share a close bond with eachother, and when one gets sick, the other tried to make things as easy as possible for the other friend. Like when Rick went to the hospital, the lady friend stayed behind at his apartment and cleaned for him, and

The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Removed - 1735 Words

The legal drinking age should be removed because it teaches safe drinking, it removes the taboo around it, and history proves it does not work at 18. Conor Lewis 12-4-15 English 3rd Alcohol. The source of curiosity among young people everywhere. People everywhere, college students, and even some high school students enjoy it. There’s no doubt this nation enjoys alcohol but what about the people who can’t taste it yet? What about those who are considered adults in every way and permitted to do anything except drink alcohol? Is it right for a government to tell someone that they are fully responsible for themselves but they still don’t give them the full privileges of growing up? What about those countries who do not have a drinking†¦show more content†¦The prohibition proved that Americans will do whatever they can to get ahold of this magical substance no matter the laws or restrictions. So obviously doing away with alcohol will not stop its manufacturing or its use and if anything it will increase its use. But what if we just make it legal for some and not others? After the prohibition the drinking age was raised back up to 21. The age stayed there until the vietnam war came around. Then, states began to lower their personal drinking age to 18 (Tietjan why 21) justifying themselves with the argument â€Å"If a man can die for his nation can he at least enjoy a beer?’ (Tietjan â€Å"Why 21†) We see the states begin to all lower their drinking age, but this too proved not a good idea. Binge drinking and drunk driving was rampant due to teenagers that just earned their drinking rights and were not able to handle it. Teenagers had no clue how to safely drink and it was dangerous for everybody. Mothers against drunk driving (MADD) formed after a Candy Lightner had her daughter ran over by a previously convicted drunk driver. Protesting began, they were effective, and the drinking age was raised to 21 (The Study of Drunk Driving Laws in the US). While many argue that modern seat belt laws and increase of a crackdown on drunk driving has decreased the fatalities, (Danilloff in 18 vs. 21) the amoun t of drunk driving has decreased such a large percentage that it is not likely. Soon president reagan issued a

Leadership Style in Predicting Engagement Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style in Predicting Engagement. Answer: Introduction The effective performance parameter of the organisational staffs is necessary to achieve the competitive advantage in the business scenario. Therefore, it is essential for every organisation to determine the necessary methods for motivating the employees to keep the more focused and engaged to the business functionalities. Judge et al. (2014) implied that different people present their different demands. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure the exact process of motivating the employees. The human resource management of the organisation takes the responsibility to motivate the employees and bring out the effective performance outcome more specifically. Understanding the theoretical approaches will be helpful in analysing the impact of employee motivation on employee engagement. However, David, McClelland, the professor of psychology described the three major types of the motivational factors, such as achievement, affiliation, and authority and power. The study will thus focus on the s pecific motivational process ensured by the organisations to keep the employees engaged towards their job responsibility. The theoretical analysis will provide the clear ideas about the associated the motivational process that help in engaging the employees. The involvement of these factors will be helpful enough in determining the engagement of the employees within the organisational process. When the top management recognises the efforts of the employees, it generates the sense of security among them and accordingly helps them to achieve the personal and professional goals. According to Strom, Sears and Kelly (2014) motivation is the method of boosting the employee morale for encouraging to accomplish the assigned goals. In fact, motivation is conceptualised as the process of achieving the extraordinary results. The skilled performance parameter of the employees is necessary to achieve the organisational success. Hence, it is necessary to adopt certain initiatives that will provide both the monetary and non-monetary facilities to the existing employees (Breevaart et al. 2014). Various types of motivational factors are influencing the employee behaviour in an organisation. The human resource management of the organisation takes the resp onsibility to motivate the employees and bring out the effective performance outcome more specifically. Understanding the theoretical approaches will be helpful in analysing the impact of employee motivation on employee engagement. Theory of Motivation In order to understand the employee behaviour, Frederick Herzberg introduced the two-factor theory. The theory is much helpful in recognising the attitude of the employees. The two factors associated with this theory are motivators and hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are suggesting some of the basic needs of the employees. Usually, these factors do not lead to any kind of positive satisfaction, but the absence of these factors may lead to dissatisfaction. The hygiene factors include the salary structure, company policies, fringe benefits, status, physical working conditions, job security, and interpersonal relationship (Lepper and Greene 2015). The competitive pay structure is essential for the employees to keep them engaged towards the work. The human resource management needs to ensure that the administrative policies are not too rigid for the employees (Shuck and Reio Jr 2014). It will be effective for the employees to feel secure about their position. The employees even seek the fringe benefits, like health care plans and other employee health programmes (Nie et al. 2015). On the other hand, it is necessary for the human resource management to maintain the proper interpersonal relationships with the employees. It is necessary to generate sense of transparency among the employees. On the other hand, the motivational factors include recognition, responsibility, sense of achievement, meaningfulness of work, and growth and promotional activities. It is to be indicated that the motivational factors usually yields the positive satisfaction that are inherent to work. The involvement of these factors will be helpful enough in determining the engagement of the employees within the organisational process. When the top management recognises the efforts of the employees, it generates the sense of security among them and accordingly helps them to achieve the personal and professional goals. It is essential for the employer to provide the proper promotional and growth opportunity to the employees to keep the engaged in performing the organisational functionalities (Nuttin 2014). Hence, it can be inferred that the concentration on such motivational factors to motivate the employees and engage them in the organisational works. In fact, it can be interpreted that the positive outcome of the employees performance can help the organisation to achieve the competitive advantage. Links with the Articles The journal articles provide the insightful ideas about the effectiveness of the employees performance in enhancing the organisational profitability. The subject has the clear links to the topic. The maintenance of the effective performance is eventually increasing the productivity of the entire organisation (Crawford et al. 2014). However, if the employees lack the proper motivation from the top management of the organisation, it will affect their morale. In fact, it may make them more reluctant to perform the organisational activities. Hence, it is essential for the human resource management to keep the focus on the basic needs and demands of the employees (Saks and Gruman 2014). The motivation not only comes from the monetary benefits. The employees even seek some of the non-financial benefits that will serve as the motivational process for the existing individuals. For example, when the employer is paying attention towards the knowledge sharing process of the employees, it will b e helpful for them to improve the professional skills and become competent. The article, Motivating Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge Management Systems: A Quasi-Field Experiment suggests that using the knowledge management system is one of the significant process of motivating the existing employee (Wang, Noe and Wang 2011). The empirical study present in this article is highlighting the psychological factors of the individuals that lead to satisfaction or the dissatisfaction. The employee dissatisfaction even leads to employee attrition. Hence, it is essential to keep the focus on the satisfaction level of the employees. The other article, The Impact of High-Performance Human Resource Practices on Employee Attitude and Behaviours also suggests the necessity of retaining the employees with proper motivations. The article is quite different to the previous article, because it suggests the improvement of the HR roles and responsibilities (Kehoe and Wright 2013). The maintenance of the proper interpersonal relationships by the human resource management is necessa ry to influence the positive behaviour of the existing employees. The obtained information from the data collection process in this article indicates that the high performance of the employees depend on the proper behavioural manner maintained by the human resource management team. The article, Collective Organisational Engagement: Linking Motivational Antecedents, Strategic Implementation, and Firm Performance presents the idea about the comprehensive theoretical implication of the organisational engagement (Barrick et al. 2015). The article clearly portrays the idea that it is essential to motivate the employees in a significant way. It is noted that the employee engagement is facilitated by maintaining three major aspects, such as motivation, human resource roles, and the effective leadership style. Such organisational resources are maximising the psychological conditions that are necessary for engaging the employees in a significant way. Differences between the Articles and Integrated Interpretation The information received from the articles is concentrating on the similar subject matter. However, even though all the articles are conducting the empirical researches, there are some of the dissimilarities between the research processes. The individual articles have used the different types of the tests are associated with the study. The articles needed to present more elaborative ideas about the collective perceptions. The major limitation of the article information is these articles lack the suggestions for the innovative procedures that can be applied to the business processes. The current business world is much advanced. Hence, it is essential to upgrade the methods that can be beneficial for the employees as well as the employers. In fact, the articles do not even include the essential resources for managing the proper motivational process. The lack of the sufficient resources can lead the organisation towards negative consequences. The assimilation of the logical networking i s essential for every individual organisation. The effectiveness of the human resource management is necessary in such cases. Conclusion The skilled performance parameter of the employees is necessary to achieve the organisational success. Hence, it is necessary to adopt certain initiatives that will provide both the monetary and non-monetary facilities to the existing employees. The human resource management needs to ensure that the administrative policies are not too rigid for the employees. It will be effective for the employees to feel secure about their position. The employees even seek the fringe benefits, like health care plans and other employee health programmes. The maintenance of the proper interpersonal relationships by the human resource management is necessary to influence the positive behaviour of the existing employees. The articles needed to present more elaborative ideas about the collective perceptions. The major limitation of the article information is these articles lack the suggestions for the innovative procedures that can be applied to the business processes. The current business world is much advanced. Hence, it is essential to upgrade the methods that can be beneficial for the employees as well as the employers. References Barrick, M., Thurgood, G., Smith, T. and Courtright, S., 2015. Collective Organizational Engagement: Linking Motivational Antecedents, Strategic Implementation, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), pp.111-135. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. Crawford, E.R., Rich, B.L., Buckman, B. and Bergeron, J., 2014. The antecedents and drivers of employee engagement.Employee engagement in theory and practice, pp.57-81. Judge, T.A., Simon, L.S., Hurst, C. and Kelley, K., 2014. What I experienced yesterday is who I am today: Relationship of work motivations and behaviors to within-individual variation in the five-factor model of personality.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(2), p.199. Kehoe, R. and Wright, P., 2013. The Impact of High-Performance Human Resource Practices on Employees Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Management, 39(2), pp.366-391. Lepper, M.R. and Greene, D. eds., 2015.The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press. Nie, Y., Chua, B.L., Yeung, A.S., Ryan, R.M. and Chan, W.Y., 2015. The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well?being: Testing self?determination theory in a Chinese work organisation.International Journal of Psychology,50(4), pp.245-255. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Saks, A.M. and Gruman, J.A., 2014. What do we really know about employee engagement?.Human Resource Development Quarterly,25(2), pp.155-182. Shuck, B. and Reio Jr, T.G., 2014. Employee engagement and well-being: A moderation model and implications for practice.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(1), pp.43-58. Strom, D.L., Sears, K.L. and Kelly, K.M., 2014. Work engagement: The roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(1), pp.71-82. Wang, S., Noe, R. and Wang, Z., 2011. Motivating Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge Management Systems: A QuasiField Experiment. Journal of Management, 40(4), pp.978-1009.

Nanotechnology Advantages Disadvantages within the Business Context

Introduction Emerging technologies, in their varied forms and scope, are transforming the world of work, how business entities function, change and progress, and the nature of leadership, managerial and professional careers within the context of the 21st century’s business environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nanotechnology: Advantages Disadvantages within the Business Context specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, these technologies have evolved into fundamental components of business, industry, and commerce throughout the world, driving growth and competitiveness of organizations to unprecedented levels (Forster 1). Consequently, governments and industry are investing heavily in these technologies with a view to harnessing the raw power that derives from them, particularly in providing a framework for organizations to be innovative and to offer new and improved processes for competitive advant age (King Gibbs 33). It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate one such technology known as nanotechnology, and to put into perspective some of its advantages and disadvantages within the business context. Understanding Nanotechnology Nobel Prize winner Richard Smaller defined nanotechnology as â€Å"†¦the creation of materials that have new and unique properties because of their extremely small size† (King Gibbs 34). Nanotechnology has also been described as the production and utilization of materials at the smallest possible scale, which scientists peg at 100 nanometers or possibly less (Davies, 3, 7). Extant research has demonstrated that nanoparticles have been around since the prehistoric era in the form of combustion byproducts, but the field was not identified until 1959 when Nobel physicist Richard Feynman came up with the concept of the â€Å"staggeringly small† (Davies 8). Its potential impact on businesses remained unknown until several years ago (F orster 3). As has been the case with other emerging technologies, nanotechnology has received mixed receptions characterized by elevated expectations of its potential benefits on the one hand, and reservations and fears about its potential consequences on the other. Below, the merits and demerits of nanotechnology are evaluated.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advantages of Nanotechnology Among the major advantages, nanotechnology is expected to present business organizations not only with new and improved processes and products but also with an expanded global market base (Canton 4). According to the National Science Foundation projections, the market for products that contain nanomaterials will hit the $1 trillion mark by 2015 (Davis 8; King Gibbs 34). Although there still exist a dearth of data on the number of organizations using nanotechnology, it is clear that these enti ties are increasingly using the technology to develop new and improved applications (e.g., car bumpers, composites etc), which are inarguably stronger, lighter, more reactive and more durable. For example, nanotechnology has enabled technology firms to develop a new application in the name of iPod Nano, which uses Samsung memory microchips made â€Å"with precision† less than 100 nanometers (Davis Gibbs 36). Such applications translate into new and emerging markets for business markets, along with improved performance and competitiveness for the entities involved. Closely linked to the above advantage is that nanotechnology has allowed business organizations to become increasingly innovative as they attempt to enter new markets. Courtesy of nanotechnology, consumers are now enjoying faster, smaller and enhanced hand-held devices and other electronics in the market, which translates into increased profitability for the companies manufacturing these innovative products (Foster 14). Such innovativeness drives prosperity and global competition (Canton 4) The increasingly competitive business environment of the 21st century has caused many organizations to look for avenues for cost reduction, and nanotechnology provides one such avenue (Gilligan Bowman 239). Researchers and practitioners are in agreement that the controlled manufacturing processes which nanotechnology promises to make a reality will have a positive impact on the organization in terms of low-cost, economical production, and high output.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nanotechnology: Advantages Disadvantages within the Business Context specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In equal measure, it can be argued that nanotechnology has afforded organizations the much-needed platform to develop miniaturized applications, which are in sync with the current market trends (Gilligan Bowman 239). For example, the high capacity memory chips found in the market today, courtesy of nanotechnology, has enabled firms to develop complex but miniaturized applications, such as the Apple iPads, which can be used to communicate and conduct business anywhere at the touch of the screen, hence serving as a stimulant for economic growth for organizations and governments (Forster 17). As pointed out in one article, organizations operating in the industrial era stimulated growth by their ability to make things big, but those operating in the 21st-century attempt to stimulate growth through the power to make things tiny (Forster 2). Nanotechnology provides the much-needed platform for such miniaturization of products and, consequently, growth. In information technology, available literature demonstrates that nanotechnology will make it possible for the development of â€Å"†¦even more powerful computing technologies, which may lead to the creation of the first artificial intelligent entities† (Forster 10). Indeed, re searchers and practitioners are predicting that the world’s first quantum computer (system will be 100 million times faster at processing data than the most powerful crop of contemporary supercomputers) could be ready for the market by the end of 2012. These developments are beneficial not only in their ability to enable second-generation self-learning entities to be created but also in enabling people within organizations to delegate more mundane duties to these intelligent machines, which will be able to employ their â€Å"initiative†, provide suggestions and make decisions (Forster 10). It is even suggested that these machines will also have the capacity to interpret and respond to human emotions.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the above may be the direct benefits of quantum computers to the organization if nanotechnology will indeed be able to operationalize these trajectories into reality by the end of 2012, there exists a myriad of indirect organizational benefits in terms of: automating work processes; reducing overhead costs associated with staff employment; reducing operational costs; faster flow and exchange of information, and; tending to employees who may experience emotional breakdowns. Of importance to note here is that nanotechnology will enable computers and information systems to â€Å"†¦evolve to an even higher level of complexity and sophistication, as the age-old distinction between technological and biological systems starts to dissolve and both starts to operate in tandem at the molecular level† (Forster 10). These benefits, in combination or in isolation, will inarguably function to enhance competitiveness and profitability for the organizations involved while maintain ing an emotionally stable and satisfied workforce. Disadvantages of Nanotechnology Among the disadvantages, researchers and practitioners are in agreement that the risks posed by nanotechnology bring into the limelight sweeping effects on the market cycles, manufacturing cycles, safety and security of employees, along with the safety, security, and well-being of consumers. Indeed, the technology adds an exclusively new, and principally untested and unexplored, realm of potential risks spread across the entire spectrum of contemporary business environment (Forster 23). Although organizations operates under risk through careful planning and forecasting, it becomes strenuous to forecast the possible risks associated with nanotechnology due to the fact that its an emerging technology, and hence the dearth of literature. It is these risks which cannot presently be forecasted using any available measure that puts many organizations adopting nanotechnology under immense strain (Kuzma Prie st 1689). Available literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦the characteristics that make engineered nanomaterials attractive in the first place – small size, large surface area, reactivity and other properties – are the same characteristics that may cause these particles, if released, to threaten human health and the environment† (King Gibbs 34). This view is supported by other analysts, who argue that there is increasing concern that a number of artificially engineered nanoparticles may be posing a human health risk to an estimated 1.5 million employees who are currently exposed to the nanoparticles in the respective workplaces, with the figures set to increase to approximately 3.5 by 2015 (Gilligan Bowman 240). Not only can nanoparticles be deposited in the lungs, resulting in negative health consequences for workers and consumers, but they can also access the brain through the nasal passages and even enter the body through the skin, situations which coul d potentially jeopardize the health and safety of people (Kuzma Priest 1690). The regulatory frameworks that exist to manage the usage of nanotechnology are, at best, haphazard (King Gibbs 35). Such a disposition is not good for business as potential users of the technologies may not have the know-how or the capacity to incorporate them into their business processes and systems without proper regulations from governments and other interested players. Lack of streamlined regulations and lack of data on the use of nanotechnology translates to the fact that the public perception and awareness of the existing nanotechnologies is extremely low. Conclusion From the discussion, it is indeed clear that the capacity of nanotechnology to traditional transverse sectors holds incredible economic and social benefits (Canton para. 2). However, as with previous technological progressions, including the World Wide Web, such benefits are often accompanied by a range of potential disadvantages (Gil ligan Bowman 240). The task, therefore, is for the organizations to strike a balance through which they can maximally benefit from nanotechnologies while exposing employees and workers to minimal risks. Works Cited Canton, James. The Strategic Impact of Nanotechnology on the Future of Business and Economics. Institute for Global Futures, 2001. Web. Davies, Clarence J. Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology. (n.d.). Web. Forster, Nick. â€Å"The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Business, Industry, Commerce, and Humanity during the 21st Century.† Vision 10.4 (2006): 1-27. Gilligan, George, Diana Bowman. â€Å"Netting Nano: Regulatory Challenges of the Internet and Nanotechnologies.† International Review of Law, Computers Technology 22.3 (2008): 231-246. King, Gregory E., Larry Gibbs. â€Å"The Little Known.† Industrial Engineer 42.7 (2010): 33-37. Kuzma, Jennifer, Susanna Priest. â€Å"Nanotechnology: Risk, and Oversight: Learning Lessons from Related Emer ging Technologies.† Risk Analysis: An International Journal 30.11 (2010): 1688-1698. This essay on Nanotechnology: Advantages Disadvantages within the Business Context was written and submitted by user Axel Allison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Second Conjugation Italian Verbs - Conjugating Italian Ere Verbs

Second Conjugation Italian Verbs - Conjugating Italian Ere Verbs The infinitives of all regular verbs in Italian end in –are, –ere, or –ire and are referred to as first, second, or third conjugation verbs, respectively. In English the infinitive (linfinito) consists of to verb. amare to love  Ã‚  Ã‚  temere to fear  Ã‚  Ã‚  sentire to hear Verbs with infinitives ending in –ere are called second conjugation, or –ere, verbs. The present tense of a regular –ere verb is formed by dropping the infinitive ending –ere and adding the appropriate endings to the resulting stem. There is a different ending for each person. Characteristics of the Second Conjugation The  «passato remoto » (historical past) of the second conjugation verbs has two diverse forms of the first and third person singular and third person plural:io temetti/temeiegli temette/temà ©essi temettero/temeronoio vendetti/vendeiegli vendette/vendà ©essi vendettero/venderonoNote! In standard usage the forms –etti, –ette, and –ettero are preferred. The majority of verbs whose root ends in t though, such as battere, potere, and riflettere, take the endings –ei, –à © and –erono.battereio batteiegli battà ©essi batteronopotereio poteiegli potà ©essi poteronoriflettereio rifletteiegli riflettà ©essi rifletteronoThe verbs fare and dire are considered second conjugation verbs (because they are derived from two third conjugation Latin verbs- facere and dicere) as well as all verbs ending in –arre (trarre), –orre (porre), and –urre (tradurre).Verbs ending in –cere (vincere), –gere (scorgere), or â€⠀œscere (conoscere) have a particular phonetic rule. C, g, and sc of the root maintains the soft sound of the infinitive before the declinations that start with e or i. They take the hard sound before the declinations that begin with a or o: vinceretu vinciche egli vincaspargeretu spargiche egli spargaconosceretu conosciche egli conoscaconosciutocresceretu cresciche egli crescacresciutoMany irregular verbs ending in –cere (piacere, dispiace, giacere, nuocere, tacere) maintain the soft sound by inserting an i before declinations that begin with a or o; if the verb has a regular past participle ending in –uto, an i is also added:nuocereio nuocciotu nuociessi nuocciononuociutopiacereio piacciotu piaciessi piaccionopiaciutogiacereio giacciotu giaciessi giaccionogiaciutoVerbs ending in –gnere are regular and maintain the i of the declinations iamo (indicative and present subjunctive) and iate (present subjunctive):spegnerenoi spegniamoche voi spegniateVerbs ending in –iere drop the i of the root before declinations that start with i:compieretu compinoi compiamo

Timeline of the Viking Age

Timeline of the Viking Age This Viking timeline is a part of the About.com Guide to the Viking Age. 793: Norwegians attack Lindisfarne monastery, England795: Norwegians run assaults on monasteries in Scotland and Ireland799: St. Philibert Monastery (France) sacked800: Norwegians settle Faroe Islands810: Danes under King Godfred attack Frisia 814: Charlemagne dies834: Danes attack Dorestad, now in the Netherlands841: Norwegians over winter in Ireland850: Longphorts established in Ireland 850: Danes spend first winter in England852: Danes spend first winter in Frankia853: Norwegian Olaf the White established as king at Dublin865: Danish Great Army arrives in East Anglia866: Norwegian Harald Finehair subjugates Scottish Isles870: Danes rule over one half of England880s: Norwegian Sigurd the Mighty moves into the Scottish mainland873: Ingolf Arnason founds Reykjavik, Iceland 902: Vikings expelled from Ireland917: Vikings retake Dublin930-980: First Norse invaders in England become established as settlers954: Eirik Bloodaxe dies and Vikings lose control of York959: Danelaw established98 0-1050: Newly established Norwegian and Danish kings launch attacks on England 985: Norse farmers led by Erik the Red settle Greenland 1000: Leif Erikson finds North America 1014: Vikings defeated at Clontarf by Brian Boru1016: Danish King Cnut named king of England, Denmark and Norway1035: Cnut dies1066: Norman Harald Hardrada dies at Stamford Bridge This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to the Viking Age and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. See the Viking Age Bibliography for sources.

Personal Learning Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Learning Journal - Essay Example ce, for the tasks assigned to our group, we first determined all the realistic objectives to be achieved as recommended by Hammond, Keenye and Raiffa (2006). Through our leader, we identified the strengths and weaknesses of each team member which guided in the allocation of tasks based on the capabilities of each individual. This not only made the team more effective but also made everyone enjoy their tasks. This experience provided an opportunity for me to apply the Rational Model. Rational Decision-Making Model involves a cognitive process where each step follows a logical order from the step before. Being a cognitive process meant that we had to think through and weigh up and to compare in order to get the best possible results. The six steps in this model start with defining the problem, then identifying the decision criteria, allocating weights to the criteria, developing the alternatives, evaluating the alternatives and finally, selecting the best alternative (Eisenhardt, 1989) . However, the Rational Model assumes that the decision maker has a consistent system of preferences and is aware of all alternatives. The outcome will be completely rational and there will be no time constraints. This model clearly analyzes the experience of distribution of tasks within a group. As much as possible, our leader was well informed about all the team members because of the consultations that made him aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each member, thus helping in the easy and logical distribution of tasks. Another experience involves the forks challenge undertaken during lecture time. The game required us to model up a tall structure using forks. With a time span of 15 minutes, it was a difficult task. We conflicted on whether to build a square or triangle structure causing us to sub-divide into two smaller groups. However, after sometime, we realized that we could not come up with the tallest model without being united. Eventually, our group won, having agreed in

Google+ report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google+ report - Essay Example An extension of this is co-branding, which is networking in a way, but with brands and organizations that share the values of Pedal Forward, and which can propel Pedal Forwards own brand awareness too. For instance, Pedal Forward can co-brand with an organic food company that has national traction, or a cosmetics brand that focuses on natural ingredients such as The Body Shop, to raise awareness about Pedal Forwards own campaign in Google+. The idea here is to align the co-branding strategy with what Pedal Forward wants to achieve, and what it stands for (Leap, 2012). Another recommendation is for Pedal Forward to utilize Google+ Hangouts to connect with its fan base in real time, and to then capture that real-time interaction and post it on the Google+ page of Pedal Forward so that a larger population of fans can keep viewing that Hangout session after the event, for their benefit. A Google+ Hangout allows for Pedal Forward to interact via text and via video with a group of followers about a specific topic, say bamboo bike trails, and then capture that interaction for later posting. This is a great idea to do on a regular basis, as a way to stay relevant and connect meaningfully with the audience The idea is for Pedal Forward to try and stay fresh and relevant while reaching out to other pages and communities to increase visibility and to engage existing and new fans. Related recommendations along this line of thinking include setting up hooks from Google+ and from Pedal Forwards website to other social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twit ter, Instagram Pinterest, and Kickstarter, to broaden the social media reach of the campaign (Leap 2012). The idea of being able to broadcast Google+ Hangout sessions is great, and something that can differentiate the platform from other platforms such as Facebook. One way Google+ can further improve on this is to hook up these Hangout

Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Example for Free

Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Kambili and Jaja both come of age in Purple Hibiscus as a result of their experiences. The book opens with Jaja rebelling against his devout Catholic father by skipping communion on Palm Sunday, an important religious holiday. The following chapters detail the events that culminate in Jaja’s defiance. The book is narrated by Kambili three years after this incident. Since she has been stunted by the severe punishments of her father, Kambili barely speaks. Her narration is striking because it can be concluded that she finds her own voice throughout this ordeal. Both Kambili and Jaja take steps towards adulthood by overcoming adversity and being exposed to new thoughts. Part of growing up is building your own identity by choosing which paths to follow. In Enugu, the only path Kambili and Jaja are allowed to follow is Papa. He writes out schedules and severely punishes them when they stray. When Kambili and Jaja visit their Aunty Ifeoma in Nsukka, they are astonished by what they find. Though her home is small and devoid of luxuries, there is love and respect. Her children Amaka and Obiora are allowed to question authority and choose their own paths. Obiora, though he is three years younger than Jaja, is articulate and protective. He has been initiated into Igbo culture by performing a rite of manhood. Jaja was not allowed to participate and is ashamed that he is lagging behind his cousin. In Nsukka, Jaja is encouraged to rethink his allegiances and make his own decisions. Aunty Ifeoma encourages Kambili to reconsider her stance on Papa-Nnukwu. As she has been taught by Papa, her grandfather is a heathen. But when she searches his face, she sees no signs of godliness. After witnessing his innocence ritual, Kambili questions the absolute rule of her father. Both Kambili and Jaja take major steps towards adulthood by claiming their individuality. Religion There is a contrast between Father Benedict and Father Amadi. Priest at Papa’s beloved St. Agnes, Father Benedict is a white man from England who conducts his masses according to European custom. Papa adheres to Father Benedict’s style, banishing every trace of his own Nigerian heritage. Papa uses his faith to justify abusing his children. Religion alone is not to blame. Papa represents the wave of fundamentalism in Nigeria that corrupts faith. Father Amadi, on the other hand, is an African priest who blends Catholicism with Igbo traditions. He believes that faith is both simpler and more complex than what Father Benedict preaches. Father Amadi is a modern African man who is culturally-conscious but influenced by the colonial history of his country. He is not a moral absolutist like Papa and his God. Religion, when wielded by someone gentle, can be a positive force, as it is in Kambili’s life. Papa-Nnukwu is a traditionalist. He follows the rituals of his ancestors and believes in a pantheistic model of religion. Though both his son and daughter converted to Catholicism, Papa-Nnukwu held on to his roots. When Kambili witnesses his morning ritual, she realizes that their faiths are not as different as they appear. Kambili’s faith extends beyond the boundaries of one religion. She revels in the beauty of nature, her family, her prayer, and the Bible. When she witnesses the miracle at Aokpe, Kambili’s devotion is confirmed. Aunty Ifeoma agrees that God was present even though she did not see the apparition. God is all around Kambili and her family, and can take the form of a smile. The individualistic nature of faith is explored in Purple Hibiscus. Kambili tempers her devotion with a reverence for her ancestors. Jaja and Amaka end up rejecting their faith because it is inexorably linked to Papa and colonialism, respectively. Colonialism Colonialism is a complex topic in Nigeria. For Papa-Nnukwu, colonialism is an evil force that enslaved the Igbo people and eradicated his traditions. For Papa, colonialism is responsible for his access to higher education and grace. For Father Amadi, it has resulted in his faith but he sees no reason that the old and new ways can’t coexist. Father Amadi represents modern Nigeria in the global world. Papa is a product of a colonialist education. He was schooled by missionaries and studied in English. The wisdom he takes back to Nigeria is largely informed by those who have colonized his country. He abandons the traditions of his ancestors and chooses to speak primarily in British-accented English in public. His large estate is filled with western luxuries like satellite TV and music. Amaka assumes that Kambili follows American pop stars while she listens to musicians who embrace their African heritage. But the trappings of Papa’s success are hollow. The children are not allowed to watch television. His home, modernized up to Western standards, is for appearances only. There is emptiness in his home just as his accent is falsified in front of whites. Over the course of the novel, both Kambili and Jaja must come to terms with the lingering after-effects of colonialism in their own lives. They both adjust to life outside their father’s grasp by embracing or accepting traditional ways. Nigerian Politics Both Kambili and the nation are on the cusp of dramatic changes. The political climate of Nigeria and the internal drama of the Achike family are intertwined. After Nigeria declared independence from Britain in 1960, a cycle of violent coups and military dictatorship led to civil war, which led to a new cycle of bloody unrest. Even democracy is hindered by the wide-spread corruption in the government. In Purple Hibiscus, there is a coup that culminates in military rule. Papa and his paper, the Standard, are critical of the corruption that is ushered in by a leader who is not elected by the people. Ironically, Papa is a self-righteous dictator in his own home. He is wrathful towards his children when they stray from his chosen path for them. In the wake of Ade Coker’s death, Papa beats Kambili so severely she is hospitalized in critical condition. Both in Nigeria and in the home, violence begets violence. Kambili and Jaja are kept away from the unrest at first. They witness protests, deadly roadblocks, and harassment from the safety of their car. But when they arrive in Nsukka, they are thrust into political debate. Obiora says the university is a microcosm for Nigeria – ruled by one man with all the power. Pay has been withheld from the professors and light and power are shut off frequently. Medical workers and technicians go on strike and food prices rise. There are rumors that the sole administrator is misdirecting funds intended for the university. This is a parallel to what is happening in the country at large. Kambili and Jaja now understand firsthand the struggle of their cousins. The personal becomes political, and vice versa. Silence Several characters are gripped with silence throughout the novel. Kambili suffers the most, unable to speak more than rehearsed platitudes without stuttering or coughing. Her silence is a product of the abuse that she endures at the hands of her father. Kambili does not allow herself to tell the truth about her situation at home. When her classmates taunt her for being a backyard snob, she does not explain that she does not socialize out of fear. She is not allowed to dally after school lest she be late and beaten. She finally learns how to speak her mind when she is taunted continuously be her cousin Amaka. Aunty Ifeoma encourages her to defend herself and only then can Amaka and Kambili begin their friendship. Kambili begins to speak more confidently, laugh and even sing. The titles of the second and fourth section are Speaking With Our Spirits and A Different Silence. Kambili and Jaja communicate through their eyes, not able to utter the ugly truth of their situation. Mama, like her daughter, cannot speak freely in her own home. Only with Aunty Ifeoma can she behave authentically. The silence that falls upon Enugu after Papa is murdered is, as the title suggests, different. There is hopelessness to this silence like the one that existed when Papa was alive. But it is an honest silence. Mama and Kambili know the truth and there is nothing more that can be said. Jaja’s silence betrays a hardness that has taken hold of him in prison. There is nothing he can say that will end the torment he experiences. The tapes that Aunty Ifeoma sends with her children’s voices are the only respite he has. Silence is also used as punishment. When Kambili and Jaja arrive in Nsukka for Easter, Jaja refuses to speak to his father when he calls. After the years of silence that he has imposed upon his children, they use it as a weapon against him. The government also silences Ade Coker by murdering him after he prints a damning story in the Standard. When soldiers raid Aunty Ifeoma’s flat, they are trying to silence her sympathies with the rioting students through intimidation. Silence is a type of violence. Domestic Violence On several occasions, Papa beats his wife and children. Each time, he is provoked by an action that he deems immoral. When Mama does not want to visit with Father Benedict because she is ill, Papa beats her and she miscarries. When Kambili and Jaja share a home with a heathen, boiling water is poured on their feet because they have walked in sin. For owning a painting of Papa-Nnukwu, Kambili is kicked until she is hospitalized. Papa rationalizes the violence he inflicts on his family, saying it is for their own good. The beatings have rendered his children mute. Kambili and Jaja are both wise beyond their years and also not allowed to reach adulthood, as maturity often comes with questioning authority. When Ade Coker jokes that his children are too quiet, Papa does not laugh. They have a fear of God. Really, Kambili and Jaja are afraid of their father. Beating them has the opposite effect. They choose the right path because they are afraid of the repercussions. They are not encouraged to grow and to succeed, only threatened with failure when they do not. This takes a toll on Jaja especially, who is ashamed that he is so far behind Obiora in both intelligence and protecting his family. He ends up equating religion with punishment and rejects his faith. There is an underlying sexism at work in the abuse. When Mama tells Kambili she is pregnant, she mentions that she miscarried several times after Kambili was born. Within the narrative of the novel, Mama loses two pregnancies at Papa’s hands. The other miscarriages may have been caused by these beatings as well. When she miscarries, Papa makes the children say special novenas for their mother’s forgiveness. Even though he is to blame, he insinuates it is Mama’s fault. Mama believes that she cannot exist outside of her marriage. She dismisses Aunty Ifeoma’s ideas that life begins after marriage as â€Å"university talk.† Mama has not been liberated and withstands the abuse because she believes it is just. Ultimately, she poisons Papa because she can see no other way out. The abuse has repressed her to the point that she must resort to murder to escape. Nature/Environment The book’s namesake flower is a representation of freedom and hope. Jaja is drawn to the unusual purple hibiscus, bred by a botanist friend of Aunty Ifeoma. Aunty Ifeoma has created something new by bringing the natural world together with intelligence. For Jaja, the flower is hope that something new can be created. He longs to break free of his Papa’s rule. He takes a stalk of the purple hibiscus home with him, and plants it in their garden. He also takes home the insight he learns from Nsukka. As both blossom, so too do Jaja and his rebellion. Kambili’s shifting attitudes toward nature signify her stage of transformation. During one of the first times she showers at Nsukka, Kambili finds an earthworm in the tub. Rather than coexisting with it, she removes it to the toilet. When Father Amadi takes her to have her hair plaited, she watches a determined snail repeatedly crawl out of a basket. She identifies with the snail as she has tried to crawl out of Enugu and her fate. Later, when she bathes with water scented with the sky, she leaves the worm alone. She acknowledges that God can be found anywhere and she appreciates its determination. In the opening of the book, Kambili daydreams while looking at the several fruit and flower trees in her yard. This same yard, a signifier of wealth, leaves her open for taunts of â€Å"snob† at school. But here she fixates on the beauty of the trees. When she returns from Nsukka after her mother has miscarried, Kambili is sickened by the rotting tree fruit. The rot symbolizes the sickness in the Achike household but also that Kambili is seeing her home with new eyes. Like the trees, she is trapped behind tall walls. Weather also plays a role in the novel. When Ade Coker dies, there are heavy rains. After Palm Sunday, a violent wind uproots several trees and makes the satellite dish crash to the ground. Rain and wind reflect the drama that unfolds in the Achikes’ lives. Mama tells Kambili that a mixture of rain and sun is God’s indecision on what to bring. Just as there can be both rain and sun at the same time, there are good and evil intertwined. In nature, Kambili gleans that there are no absolutes. Papa is neither all good or all bad, her faith does not have to be either Catholic or traditionalist, and she can challenge her parents while still being a good child. * 1-310-919-0950 * Log In | * Sign Up * 1) Five major issues explored in purple hibiscus are; domestic violence, oppression, religion, education and love. 2a) Adichie uses a narrative point of view to explore the theme of domestic violence. The book is narrated in the first person by a 15 year old who is directly affected by domestic violence. Because of her young age she is quiet honest and this allows her to paint a great picture to the audience of the brutal abuse that Eugene bestows upon his family. This is as a result of her sensitive, intelligent and observant nature. 2b) Oppression is explored through narrative point of view. Adichie uses the point of view of Kambili to show the audience how oppressed the country is not only in the Achike household but the whole of Nigeria. Again Kambili’s honesty and good descriptions help to give the readers an idea as of how oppressed the country and Eugene’s household really is. 2c) Adichie uses narrative point of view to explore the theme of religion. She uses this because Kambili the narrator is exposed to different kinds of religion, such as, fanatic Catholics, liberated Catholics and Traditionalists. Again, it is Kambili’s observant nature that helps to give the readers a good idea of what all of the practices are like. Kambili’s narration is also used to show the great impact that religion has on life. 2d) Education is also explored through narration. In the narration Kambili has an encounter with her father and Kambili’s father’s past gives us an idea of how important he thinks education is. 2e) Love is also explored through narration. Although Kambili is a 15 year old through her narration we are able to see that she loves father Amadi. The love however is immature in because they have known each other for a very short time. Although the love narrated is not very mature it is still love. Adichie uses narration to show the audience that Kambili is in love and Adichie uses her narration to give us some hints of this love. 3a) Adichie bring out [continues]

Dishonesty in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby Essays

Lies are a treacherous thing, yet everyone tells a few lies during their lifetime. Deceit surrounds us all the time; even when one reads classic literature. For example, F. Scott Fitzgerald makes dishonesty a major theme in his novel The Great Gatsby. The falsehoods told by the characters in this novel leads to inevitable tragedy when the truth is revealed. Jay Gatsby, one of the main characters in the novel, fails to realize that when one tells a lie, it comes back to bite you. For example, he initially tells his neighbor, and potential friend Nick, that he had inherited his redundant sums of money from his family. One night, the night Gatsby reunites with Daisy, he and Nick are admiring his substantial house. During the conversation, Gatsby slips out, â€Å"It took me just three years to earn the money that bought it† (Fitzgerald 90). By this, one can see Gatsby lie about how he acquired the wealth he has. When Nick questions his inheritance of the money, Gatsby automatically stutters with another lie- that he lost his family fortune in the panic of the war and had to earn all the money again by himself. Gatsby may have not realized he let this lie slide out from under him due to the rush of emotions connected with the reunion of his long lost love. Nevertheless, he did lie to Nick about his past, along with many other people , including Daisy. When he and his love first meet, he lies to her and comes off as a rich, stable man, she would be lucky to fall in love with. This is not the case, however. He is not as innocent as to have just inherit the wealth he gloats. Fitzgerald states, â€Å"He might have despised himself, for he had certainly taken her under false pretenses. I don’t mean that he had traded his phantom millions,... ...of events, leading to many deaths. On the other hand, because Gatsby was lying and deceiving people to try to reach a goal, should his actions be considered ambitious? Since Tom and Daisy were not truly in love, and simply did not want to hurt the other, should their actions be considered thoughtful? Maybe there is a good intention behind the lies, but never a good outcome. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1925. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004. Print. Hermanson, Casie E. "An overview of The Great Gatsby." Literature Resource Center. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 Feb. 2011. Sutton, Brian. "Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby." Explicator 59.1 (Fall 2000): 37-39. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 157. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resource Center. Web. 24 Feb. 2011.

New England Soup Company: Business Overview Essay

On January 11, 1991, William Kolander, president of the New England Soup Company of Boston, Massachusetts, was reviewing a research report he had received from a Boston-based research house. The report presented the findings of a study on the firm’s new formulation of Kolander’s Chowder brand of canned soup. The study had also been sent to the firm’s sales manager, Kirk George, and the production manager, Edward Corey. A meeting was scheduled for January 12 with the research firm and the New England Soup Company management. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the research findings and to make decisions concerning Kolander’s product offerings. The Company The New England Soup Company was a small firm that produced and distributed a line of specialty canned soup products to both the institutional and retail markets. Approximately 62 percent of their 1990 sales volume went to the institutional market ($68,526), and 38 percent went to the retail market ($42,102). The company was founded by William Kolander in 1957. Kolander’s father was a successful owner of several restaurants in the Boston area that were famous for their chowder. The young Kolander convinced his father in 1956 that there was a market to sell the chowder to local institutions (restaurants, hospitals, etc.) in the New England area, and he developed a canned chowder under his father’s supervision. Production facilities were acquired in the same year. After losses in the first few years, the business turned profitable in 1960. At this time, Kolander decided to enter the retail market with Kolander’s Chowder brand. Both the institutional and retail business grew rapidly during the 1960’s, as did the firm’s profitability. Expanded production facilities were built in 1968, and two additional specialty soup lines were introduced in 1970. These lines experienced limited success at retail but were reasonably profitable in the institutional market. Current Situation The last five years had been a period of level and then declining sales for Kolander’s Chowder (1987 -6943 cases, 1988 — 5676 cases, 1989 — 5101  cases, and 19901 — 4900 cases). Kolander attributed this decline in sales to the market entry of two new canned chowders in 1986 and 1987 (see Appendix A). The new competitors were Fisherman’s Delight Chowder and Cape Cod Chowder. Both brands were produced locally and appeared very similar in formulation to Kolander’s Chowder. Both of the new competitors had entered the market with a somewhat lower selling price than the Kolander’s brand. Distributors were also attracted by the slightly higher margins plus the desire to carry a competitive alternative to Kolander’s Chowder. Several large retailers had advertised the Fisherman’s Delight brand as a â€Å"weekly special† at 43 cents per can. Management Objective Kolander recognized that the firm faced a serious competitive threat from the two new brand entries. While there were several long-term issues he was considering, his immediate concern was one of developing a competitive strategy to counter the sales decline of Kolander’s Chowder. Specifically, he wanted to recover the lost distribution of the brand and switch customers from competitive brands back to the Kolander’s brand. This was to be accomplished within the next 12 months. While increased distribution outside the current market area was a possibility, Kolander’s immediate objective was to improve the market position of Kolander’s Chowder at retail within the New England are. Estimated from 1989 company records. The Research Project In October 1989, Kolander contacted a local research firm. After a number of meetings, the research firm recommended that a series of group interviews be conducted with current users of the two competitive chowder brands in order to explore reasons for the product usage, reactions to the brands, and perceived product differences. Through group sessions of this nature, the research firm believed that the cause of declining sales of Kolander’s Chowder could be established and potential solutions identified. The results  of the group sessions suggested that an important proportion of the competitive canned chowder users preferred a chowder that was thicker and creamier than the current Kolander’s Chowder brand formulation. Of the former Kowlander’s Chowder users, the desire for a creamier formulation was the predominant reason for switching. Many of these chowder users had switched to either Fisherman’s Delight or Cape Cod Chowder. Based on these findings, the research firm recommended that further research be conducted to evaluate changing Kolander’s Chowder to a creamier formulation. For purposes of the test, it was recommended that two creamier formulations be developed, a â€Å"creamy† version and an â€Å"extra creamy† version. These two new formulations would be evaluated in a taste test along with Kolander’s current chowder plus the two competitive brands. After several meetings on specific aspects of the proposed research design, Kolander decided to approve the project. Appendix B presents the results of this study. Case Question Focusing on the retail market, what product line does the research suggest Kolander should produce? Guidelines for 3-Slide Submission Slide 1: Analyze the data in Table 1 and make a product line recommendation Slide 2: Evaluate the focus group and the taste test and judge the quality of data from each Slide 3: What would you have done differently if you had guided the research process for this problem? APPENDIX A: New England Soup Company, Audit of Retail Food Outlets (Tables from the Report) Fifty retail food outlets in the New England market area have been audited annually since 1975. These are deemed representative of the potential distribution outlets of canned soups for the New England Soup Company. APPENDIX B: Evaluation of Two New Formulations of Kolander’s Canned Chowder Research Objectives To evaluate the preference for two new chowder formulations among users of Kolander’s Chowder, Cape Cod Chowder, and Fisherman’s Delight Chowder. Research Design and Procedure Two hundred male (n=100) and female (n=100) canned chowder users were selected from four geographic locations representative of the New England market area. The subjects were selected using a probability sampling procedure involving a telephone-administered qualifying questionnaire. Each  subject was paid $5 for participating in the test. The subjects came to one of four test locations (local churches). They were tested individually in 30-minute sessions. Subjects were brought into the testing room and seated at stalls. An instruction sheet explained that the subject was to evaluate several samples of chowder, that the test would consist of three parts, and that they would be required to taste a total of 15 cups of chowder. Normal taste-testing procedures were followed. The first part involved tasting five samples of chowder and ranking them from â€Å"most preferred† to â€Å"least preferred†. The five chowders were Kolander’s regular chowder, Fisherman’s Delight, Kolander’s creamy (version 1), Cape Cod, and Kolander’s extra creamy (version 2). The second and third parts of the test involved tasting five samples again. The samples had different code letters and the subjects were not told the samples were identical to the previous five. After tasting the five samples, the subjects were again asked to rank order the five samples. For each subject, the test procedure resulted in three preference orderings of the five chowder samples. The preference orderings were combined to form a composite ordering for each subject, a procedure that resulted in a more reliable measure of each subject’s true preference ordering. Results The data set consisted of 200 preference orderings of the five chowders. Table 1 presents 20 preference orderings which are representative of the entire data set. The difference between male and female preference orderings was not statistically significant. The data set was analyzed by calculating the average rank order of each chowder and scaling the chowders on a five-point scale ranging from most preferred (1) to least preferred (5). Table 2 presents the results of this analysis. Recommendation and Discussion Recommendation: Change the current Kolander’s Chowder formulation to the  version 1–â€Å"creamy† – formulation and develop a new label which makes this change conspicuous at point of purchase. The table 2 results clearly indicate that the current Kolander’s Chowder formulation and the â€Å"extra creamy† formulation ranked significantly (.05 level of significance) lower than the two competitors’ brands and the â€Å"creamy† formulation. These findings suggest that the market position of Kolander’s Chowder can be improved by a formulation change to the â€Å"creamy† version, which ranks higher than the two competitors and should recapture a significant share of sales lost to the Cape Cod and Fisherman’s Delight brands.

College and First Year Students Essay

â€Å"One of the few rights America does not proclaim is the right to fail†. William Zinsser speaks shades truth when addressing the college student and the pressures imposed upon them. In our modern day and age, college students are mounted with problems: finance, respect, insecurity, and competition, are just a few. Modifications must be made in regards to relieving the high levels of stress students tend to inquire, opportunities to explore a variation of career types, and a general understanding from both teachers and students that the majority of freshmen have no clue what they want to do. It is for these reasons that I strongly lobby students not to decide on a major entering their first year of college. However, not everyone would agree. It is ideal for students to compromise to a course and take the necessary steps in the completion and mastery of a particular profession. Because admission nowadays is exceedingly selective, it is important to know what you want in the beginning to keep you on track. â€Å"You don’t want to pay for college twice†, says Will McGuiness, editor of the Huffington Post. For students investing both their time and money into these institutions of higher learning, it seems practical to just get a degree that will pay the mortgage. According to the Georgetown University Center on Education, in 2012 college graduates faced an unemployment rate of 8.3, well above the national average of 7.7. Although these bold facts are intimidating enough to have every freshman running for the hills, they fail to add the human components of learning and growth that most instrumental in excelling through college. Now that we have considered the factors that edge students in rushing into a major, let’s explore the reasons to stay abstinent. Giving a first year student the option of not having to make a career choice is a stress relief in and of itself. Unfortunately for college students, stress is nothing new; in fact, 37 percent of all college freshmen are above the average levels of stress and anxiety (Tamar Lewin, 1). These numbers should not be taken lightly, especially when shown that people under constant levels of stress live 10 years shorter than those who are not (â€Å"PSY Science†, 148). The pressures of achievement, acceptance, and competition are all intertwined with ones performance at a progressive level. Because tension in a stressful environment naturally creates a bigger learning curve, it is important to give these pupils breathing room with a year free of any grave decisions. Not only will this benefit the student’s health, but will show in test scores, communication, and most importantly learning. By eliminating the perceived need to commit to a major students are unsure of, will lead to a reduction of stress. Another reason for a first year hold out is the opportunity to explore. A year of exploration through a variety of different courses is vital to a student’s growth. At 18, it is safe to say that we have not been properly exposed to the world and even our own abilities. So to make us pick a career that we might dedicate the rest of our professional lives to seems absurd. Students exploring a wide range of subjects learn new things and develop interests they may never have known they had. Whereas choosing a specific major right from the start binds them to a narrow path. Occupations students once thought they were destined for fade into the horizon as their true passions are discovered. Additionally, a student knowledgeable in polarizing fields is a well-rounded one more effective in the workforce. As William Zinsser points out, â€Å"I would employ graduates who have this range and curiosity rather than those who narrowly pursue safe subjects† (â€Å"College Pressures†, 2). Which leads me to my last reason, if not the most important, the overlooked fact that we just don’t know. First year college students simply do not know what they want to be for the next 50 years of their life. The exception would be the hand full of students that have known their career path since the age of 5, leaving the rest of us in the dark with envy. The human brain does not fully develop until the age of 25, so deciding a career wouldn’t necessarily be a thoroughly calculated decision. Incidentally, most college students change their major an average of 3 or 4 times (â€Å"Off to college†, 18). Every semester councilors confront these timid, unfamiliar faces that stumble into their office and ask them for their major, while handing them a long list of credits needed for whatever choice they made. The blank stares the councilors receive from the students should be a clear enough indicator that these kids are as clueless as a dim light bulb and need help. Teachers and faculties need to emphasize the notion that it is okay not to know, that they have the right to fail. This leads me back to my hammering question at hand, what is the point of compromising to a major in freshman year? Through much comparison, calculation, and critical thinking, I have concluded it only logical not to decide on a major being the new kid on the block. While it is time and money saving to make a commitment sooner than later, it is not practical in the long run. Stress is not necessary, can affect academic performance and even pose a long term health risk. An exploratory student is progressive one that reflects the importance of a year to sample different career opportunities. Finally, awareness that most freshmen students do not know what educational path to take leads to a better understanding support group in teachers and faculty. Students are the driving force of our future, and must be encouraged, not disillusioned. A year of free trial and error without the loom of hefty decisions can be the difference between a learning environment and a hostile one. One of my favorite quotes, from the United Negro Fund, that I believe should be displayed in every school is, â€Å"A mind is a terrible thing to waste†.

Free Essays on The Catholic Church

The Catholic Church during the Middle Ages played an all encompassing role over the lives of the people and the government. As the Dark Ages came to a close the ideas of the Renaissance started to take hold, and the church's power gradually began to wain. The monarchies of Europe also began to grow replacing the church's power. Monarchies, at the close of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance, did not so much seek the guidance of the church as much as it sought their approval. However, the Church during the Age of Discovery was still a major influence. The discovery of the New World and its previously unknown inhabitants presented new problems in the Catholic Church in the late 14th and early 15th century. When Spain's rulers and emissaries decided to physically conquer and populate the New World, and not just trade with it, the transplantation of Christian institutions followed. The church established contact with the New World, and made it a goal to establish the Catholic doctrines among the native population there. The Catholic Church and the Spanish monarch, however, looked upon the native population in the New World as souls to be saved. They did not consider or treat the Indians as equals. The implanting of Christianity in the New World, and the treatment of the native population by the missionaries and christian conquerors was detrimental to New World. Through men such as Cortez and Las Casas accounts of the conversions have been recorded. One of the reasons for this was the alliance of the Catholic Church with the Spanish monarchy. The status of the Indians was disregarded as the Christian conquers and missionaries who wanted to convert them subjected them to violence and reduced them to a laboring population. The Indians, however did not always respond in a negative way to the work of the church. The Catholic Church arrived in the New World immediately after Christopher Columbus laid claim to it for Spain. Aft... Free Essays on The Catholic Church Free Essays on The Catholic Church The Catholic Church during the Middle Ages played an all encompassing role over the lives of the people and the government. As the Dark Ages came to a close the ideas of the Renaissance started to take hold, and the church's power gradually began to wain. The monarchies of Europe also began to grow replacing the church's power. Monarchies, at the close of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance, did not so much seek the guidance of the church as much as it sought their approval. However, the Church during the Age of Discovery was still a major influence. The discovery of the New World and its previously unknown inhabitants presented new problems in the Catholic Church in the late 14th and early 15th century. When Spain's rulers and emissaries decided to physically conquer and populate the New World, and not just trade with it, the transplantation of Christian institutions followed. The church established contact with the New World, and made it a goal to establish the Catholic doctrines among the native population there. The Catholic Church and the Spanish monarch, however, looked upon the native population in the New World as souls to be saved. They did not consider or treat the Indians as equals. The implanting of Christianity in the New World, and the treatment of the native population by the missionaries and christian conquerors was detrimental to New World. Through men such as Cortez and Las Casas accounts of the conversions have been recorded. One of the reasons for this was the alliance of the Catholic Church with the Spanish monarchy. The status of the Indians was disregarded as the Christian conquers and missionaries who wanted to convert them subjected them to violence and reduced them to a laboring population. The Indians, however did not always respond in a negative way to the work of the church. The Catholic Church arrived in the New World immediately after Christopher Columbus laid claim to it for Spain. Aft...

Emperors of Chinas Xia Dynasty

Emperors of Chinas Xia Dynasty According to legend, the Xia Dynasty ruled China beginning more than four thousand years ago. Although no firm documentary evidence has yet been found for this period, it is possible that some form of evidence exists, like the  oracle bones  that have proved the existence of the Shang Dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE). The Xia Kingdom supposedly grew up along the Yellow River, and its first leader was a sort of community organizer named Yu who got all of the people to cooperate in creating dams and canals to control the annual river floods. As a result, their agricultural production and their population increased, and they selected him to become their leader under the name of Emperor Yu the Great. We know about these legends thanks to much later Chinese historical chronicles such as the  Classic of History  or  Book of Documents.  Some scholars believed that this work was compiled from earlier documents by Confucius himself, but that seems unlikely. Xia history is also recorded in the  Bamboo Annals, another ancient book of unknown authorship, as well as in Sima Qians  Records of the Grand Historian  from 92 BCE. There is often more truth than we might guess in ancient myths and legends. That certainly has proved true in the case of the dynasty that came after the Xia, the Shang, which was long thought to be mythical until archaeologists discovered the above-mentioned oracle bones bearing the names of some of the mythical Shang emperors. Archaeology may one day prove the doubters wrong about the Xia Dynasty as well. Indeed, archaeological work in the Henan and Shanxi provinces, along the ancient course of the Yellow River, has turned up evidence of a complex early Bronze Age culture from the correct time period. Most Chinese scholars are quick to identify this complex, called the Erlitou culture, with the Xia Dynasty, although some foreign scholars are more skeptical. The Erlitou digs reveal an urban civilization with bronze foundries, palatial buildings, and straight, paved roads. Finds from the Erlitou sites also include elaborate tombs. Within those tombs are grave goods including the famous  ding tripod  vessels, one of a class of artifacts known as ritual bronzes. Other finds include bronze wine jugs and jeweled masks, as well as ceramic mugs and jade implements. Unfortunately, the one type of artifact not discovered so far is any trace of writing that conclusively states that the Erlitou site is one and the same with the Xia Dynasty. China’s Xia Dynasty Yu the Great, c. 2205 – c. 2197 BCEEmperor Qi, c. 2146 – c. 2117 BCETai Kang, c. 2117 – c. 2088 BCEZhong Kang, c. 2088 – c. 2075 BCEXiang, c. 2075 – c. 2008 BCEShao Kang, c. 2007 – c. 1985 BCEZhu, c. 1985 – c. 1968 BCEHuai, c. 1968 – c. 1924 BCEMang, c. 1924 – c. 1906 BCEXie, c. 1906 – c. 1890 BCEBu Jiang, c. 1890 – c. 1831 BCEJiong, c. 1831 – c. 1810 BCEJin, c. 1810 – c. 1789 BCEKong Jia, c. 1789 – c. 1758 BCEGao, c. 1758 – c. 1747 BCEFa, c. 1747 – c. 1728 BCEJie, c. 1728 – c. 1675 BCE To learn more, go to the list of China’s Dynasties.

Fundementals of finance Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fundementals of finance - Math Problem Example The same goes for stock b. By adding the product of the proportion and the return of these two stocks that form the combination, we get the portfolio return of 24.4% In order to get the risk of the combination of projects a and b, we use the formula for 'p=sqrt (wa2'a2 + wb2'b2 + 2wawb'ab'a'b), where we get the products of the variances of the proportions and the individual risks, adding them and adding them to the last figure which incorporates their correlation. With projects a and b's correlation of 0.7, we get a risk of .081191. By applying the same formula for projects b and c, we get the portfolio return of 29.2%, higher than the combination of projects a and b. The portfolio standard deviation on the other hand is 0.119917-the higher risk accompanying the higher expected return for the portfolio. Combinations of projects b and d have the highest return at 31.6%, with the highest risk of .120216 compared to the other two combinations. This higher return, when expected to have a drastic counterpart in the increase in risk is offset by the correlation of the two projects. This combination offers the lowest correlation at 0.3, which means that the projects' returns are not strongly correlated to the movement of the other, although the positive sign of correlation suggests the same direction of the two stocks in terms of movement. Recommendation The four projects offer seven possible combinations; however, because these projects are indivisible, the only three possible combinations left which are possible within the 2,000,000 limit are the combinations a and b, b and c, and b and d. These three combinations are assessed according to their returns and risks, measuring the returns by getting the proportion and weighted return, and then getting the risk by getting the portfolio standard deviation. Because the investors require a minimum return of 25%, combination of projects a and b is already eliminated from the choices.

Federalist and anti Federalist debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federalist and anti Federalist debates - Essay Example The American Federalist proposed the Articles of Confederation, later altered and ratified on June 21, 1788 into the Constitution of the United States of America, as America’s first constitution (Rose, 2010). The Federalist Party, founded by Alexander Hamilton, became the first major political party founded in resistance to the Anti-Federalists who fought for the small national government without national debt (Rose, 2010). The debate for Federalism is whether to choose a large state that controls smaller states which allows homogeneity through separation of powers or a small state that has each power without being controlled and overruled by a central or large state (Follesdal, 2010). I believe that we are still facing some of the challenges today especially determining composition, distribution of powers and power sharing. Until this day, I think there are still challenges to boundaries of the units of each member, allocation of powers to executive, legislative and judiciary, and especially the influence each state can contribute in the central government. A famous and insightful Anti-Federalist named Robert Yates, delegate to Constitutional Convention and a New York judge, withdrew in the Convention saying that it was exceeding its powers and instructions and the Supreme Court would soon become a source of over-reaching and unlimited federal powers (Galles,

Managing Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Human Resources - Essay Example As a work motivational approach, Cummings and Worley (2009, p. 434) explained that rewards can either be intrinsic or extrinsic by nature. In line with this, intrinsic rewards include the use of sincere acknowledgement for a good performance whereas extrinsic rewards can be in a form of increased salary, stock options, work promotion, or bonus given to employees (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p. 434). As compared to the use of extrinsic rewards, it is easier to implement intrinsic rewards because HR managers can easily make it a habit to acknowledge the effort of each employee in making the organizational goal attainable rather than requesting the business owners and board of directors to increase the available fund which can be use to reward employees for any improvements in their work performance (Shamir et al., 1993). According to Pfeffer (1998, p. 110), HR managers often ask the question â€Å"how much to pay employees† or â€Å"how much compensation package should be includ ed in the company’s reward system† in order to increase the work performance of each employee. Pertaining to the importance of developing and implementing effective pay and reward system, this report will focus on discussing how internal factors (i.e. organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, organizational culture, business objectives and business strategies) and external factors (i.e. competitors’ pay and reward system that is heavily influenced by economic pressures, the current labour market condition, government implemented labour policies, legal issues concerning the basic labour requirements, and the global labour environment) could shape the organizational approaches when designing a business organization’s pay and reward system (Heneman, Fisher and Dixon, 2001; Zingheim, Ledford and Schuster, 1996). Based on the research findings, the researcher will analyze how each factor is link with the other identified factors when designin g pay and reward systems. Internal Factors that Shapes the Organizational Approaches when Designing Pay and Reward Systems Several research studies revealed that internal factors that could significantly affect the shaping of organizational approaches when designing pay and reward systems includes the organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, organizational culture, business objectives and business strategies (Heneman, Fisher and Dixon, 2001; Zingheim, Ledford and Schuster, 1996). Depending on organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, business objectives and business strategies, a business organization can develop a culture with regards to its accepted and widely practiced pay and rewards system. Communicating the organizational vision to the rest of the employees serves as a guide in the development and implementation of strategic planning. In line with this, a shared vision can be use as a guide in developing the kind of reward system which co uld effectively motivate each employee to improve their work performance (Worldatwork, 2007, p. 39). Upon analyzing the significance of organizational vision and mission in the designing of pay and rewards systems, it is necessary for HR managers to be familiar with the organizational

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings 1. INTRODUCTION: In the current scenario, conservation of material and energy is very much important. As the principal cause of material wastage is wear, any reduction in wear leads to savings. Friction is the main cause of wear which leads to energy dissipation and damage to equipments. [1] Friction occurs when one surface drags upon another surface. The magnitude of frictional force depends upon the interaction of mating surfaces. All surfaces consist of minute asperities and depressions even though the surface has high degree of finish. From close observation it is clear that frictional force is produced due to the distortion of the micro asperities when one surface slides over the other. As most of the surfaces are elastic up to a limit, the original shape is regained afterwards. In extreme cases the asperities get removed due to plastic flow of materials. [4] This process of removal of material from one or both of two surfaces in contact is known as wear. [6] Lubrication is the most effective me thod to lower the friction and to control wear and tear. Lubrication is the process of interposing a solid liquid or gaseous lubricant in between two surfaces in relative motion in order to decrease wear and tear. [6] Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. [5] Tribology is derived from the Greek word Tribos which means rubbing. It deals with relative motion of the bodies, friction, wear and lubrication. The motion of the bodies includes sliding, rolling, spinning, bouncing or combination of these. [5] The written history of tribology is as old as about five thousand years. In olden days itself people were concerned about friction and the ways to reduce it. Assyrians used rollers made of wood to move massive stones. [2] Later carts are developed as rolling friction is less than sliding friction. Although the ways to reduce friction was highly concerned from the olden days itself, the word tribology was introduced in 1966. [5] The minimum film thickness in tribological machine elements was in the order of 10 µm to 100 µm at the start of the century. Later advance in the tribology led to the development of components with film thickness up to 1 µm. The thickness is further reduced to 0.1 µm by the end of the century. In short, tribolo gy in the important factor in design of machine elements and selection of lubricants. [5] 2. ROLLING BEARINGS: Invention of wheel led to minimise the effort of moving an object as rolling friction is less than that of sliding friction. Even though rolling motion produces less friction, man was seeking different ways to decrease the rolling friction. This led to the discovery that bearing based rolling motion consumes less power. Hence it was implemented in all rolling systems including complex machine mechanisms. In earlier periods the roller bearings was not able to compete with the hydrodynamic sliding bearings as it cannot meet with the endurance characteristics of the other. The roller bearing was universally accepted in the 20th century by the development of superior bearing materials and advanced techniques. This helped to manufacture roller bearing assemblies with extreme accuracy and long life. The competition among the manufacturers increased in early 1970s which led to a sudden increase in the production of high quality products at relatively low costs. [2] Rolling bearing includes all types of bearings to permit minimum friction between two moving surfaces relative to one another. The main application of roller bearing is to rotate a shaft relative to some fixed or oppositely rotating structure. It also allows relative linear motion of a fixture in a fixed direction provided by a stationary shaft. [3] Usually a bearing consists of two steel rings each of which consists of a hardened raceway. The hardened steel balls or rollers roll in these raceways. These rolling elements are usually held in an angular spaced structure which is called separator or retainer. [2] ball.gif Figure 1- Ball Bearings [7] There are different types of roller bearings based on their analysis of operation. A brief description on various types of bearings is explained below. 2.1 BALL BEARINGS: 2.1.1 Radial Ball Bearings: Radial ball bearings are the most popular rolling bearings. This type of ball bearings has an inner and outer raceway grooves in between the balls are inserted. The grooves have curvature radii of about 53% of the size of the ball diameter. The inner groove is concentrically fixed inside the outer groove and the ball bearings are present in between the grooves. The bearings are separated uniformly. A cage is used to maintain the separation. Deep groove ball bearings have the capacity to carry more loads as it is having large ball diameter. It can carry radial as well as thrust loads. Seals are present to keep the lubricant in and protect from external dirt. [2] Figure 2- Radial Ball Bearings [8]radial-bearings.jpg 2.1.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearings:406px-Angular-contact-ball-bearing_single-row_din628_type-b_120.png Angular contact bearings are designed to withstand heavy thrust loads or a combination of both thrust and radial loads. The ball bearings have a contact angle which does not exceed 40 degrees. Single and double row ball bearings are usually used depending upon the nature and magnitude of force to withstand. In this type of ball bearings, the outer raceway is the part of a sphere. The load applied on the outer raceway is minimised as the balls do not conform well into it. By using large balls the load on each ball can be minimised. This type of bearings can be used in applications where the parallelism of shaft and the housing are not exact to each other. [2] Figure 3- Angular Contact Ball Bearings [9] 2.1.3Thrust Ball Bearings: thrust-ball-bearing_din711_ex.png Thrust bearings are those bearings having a contact angle of 900 which can withstand thrust loads. These types of bearings are meant for high speed applications. The thrust bearings are mounted on spherical seats to obtain high degree of alignment ability. These bearings cannot be used to hold any radial loads. [2] They are mainly used in automotive, marine and aerospace applications. These increase smoothness and help in noise reduction thereby reducing friction in the attached part. Small size, reduced friction and long life are the main advantages of thrust bearings. [10] Figure 4- Thrust Ball Bearings [11] 2.2 ROLLER BEARINGS: Roller bearings are used in applications where the bearings have to support very high loads. Rollers are used in these bearings instead of balls. In these roller is cylindrical in shape and so line contact is formed between rollers and raceways. This spreads the load out a large area. Hence they have more load supporting capability. [12] They supply more fatigue endurance than ball bearings. Also the cost of manufacturing is high. These bearings consist of two concentric raceways which consist of rollers in between the two. To increase the load carrying capacity, cylindrical bearings with two or more rows of rollers are constructed. Different types of roller bearings include needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, thrust roller bearings and spherical roller bearings. [2] Roller-Bearing.jpgLB_OP_Linear_Motion_Bearing_250x250.jpg Figure 5- Roller Bearings [13] Figure 6- Linear Motion Bearing [14] 2.3 LINEAR MOTION BEARINGS: Linear motion bearings are the recent products developed in order to provide free motion in one dimension. In machine tool slide ways, very high friction is developed. Linear motion bearing consists of balls which carry the loads laterally in a particular direction and hence wear and tear can be minimised. They provide smooth, precision, guiding surface. The rolling element of a linear bearing rides over it thereby reducing friction. [15] 3. TRIBOLOGICAL FACTORS: Tribology deals with friction, wear and lubrication. The two key factors related to tribology are interacting surfaces and relative motion. It is clear that tribology is concerned with two surfaces in relative motion which are adequately close to one another. Usually a poor tribological interface is designed and then various lubricants are used to lower the friction between the surfaces. The most acceptable way is to design a better interface which includes the selection of a good lubricant also to minimise the friction and wear to the lowest. [5] Various tribological factors are to be taken into consideration while taking a situation. The important tribological factors include: Material Surfaces Lubricants Operating Conditions [5] 3.1 MATERIAL: The initial step to be taken while designing a product is the material selection. There are various factors which are taken into consideration while selecting the material. For tribological point of view the following factors are to be given importance before material selection. Basic Mechanical Properties Friction Wear Resistance Compatibility [5] 3.1.1 Basic Mechanical Properties: The basic mechanical properties of the material such as elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, yield stress, hardness, fatigue resistance, ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity are to be analysed. [5] Also the availability and cost of the material are also taken into account. Based on these observations the best material suitable for the manufacturing of bearings is selected. The selection of material used for bearings is to be done carefully based on standard specifications. The material plays an important role in the performance of the bearings. This affects the overall performance of the machinery also. The selected material is used to manufacture the load bearing parts of the bearings like raceway grooves and balls or rollers only. Retainers and cages are made from some other soft materials with desired qualities. [17] 3.1.2 Friction: Friction is the resistance offered by two interacting surfaces in relative motion. The degree of friction is denoted by coefficient of friction  µ. [6] Friction occurred during sliding is known as sliding friction and which occurred during rolling is known as rolling friction. The main factors which cause friction are adhesion between surfaces, surface hardness, asperities etc. [6] 3.1.2.2 Laws of Friction: There are different laws of friction which are applicable to dry friction between interacting surfaces. The first and second laws were put forward by Leonardo da Vinci and third law was introduced by Coulomb. [6] The first law of friction states that force required to initiate or sustain sliding FT is proportional to FN, the normal force. [6] Thus FT ÃŽ ± FN or FT =  µ.FN [6] Where  µ = Coefficient of friction The second law of friction states that the friction force FT is independent of the apparent area of contact Aa [6] The third law of friction states that friction is independent of sliding speed. [6] It was found that the first two laws of friction are obeyed in almost all experimental conditions. Lubrication systems can be used to lower the friction developed within the bearings. Friction in bearings depends upon the viscosity of lubricant and shear rate. Self lubricated bearings are widely used as it offers only very low friction. [20] 3.1.3 Wear: Wear can be termed as the material loss or volume loss from the surface of the materials in contact. [21] The main types of wear occurring on material surfaces are adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, corrosive wear. The local pressure at the asperities becomes extremely high when the normal pressure is acted upon the mating surfaces. When the pressure exceeds a certain limit, the asperities deform plastically until the area of contact increased sufficiently to withstand the load. The wear produced due to adhesion process has been explained by Archard equation. Wad = K [22] Where Wad = wear rate K = wear coefficient F = normal load H = hardness of softer material When two dissimilar materials slide over one another, the softer material gets scratched away. Thias type of wear is called as abrasive wear. Fatigue wear occurs when a rotating shaft is subjected to reversal of bending stresses. Corrosive wear is due to the reaction of the material surface with the environment or an external agent. [6] Wear occurs in ball and roller bearings due to corrosion, shock loading of fatigue. Atmospheric agents like dirt and girt are the other external factors which are responsible for wear. [4] 3.1.4 Compatibility: Alloys are usually selected as bearing materials. Alloy is a solid composition consisting of two or more metals and elements in fixed proportions. The two alloys which are used to manufacture the bearings are Chrome Steel and Stainless Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. [17] Various other elements like silicon, manganese, phosphorous, sulphur, chromium and molybdenum are added in chrome and stainless steels in order to increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloys. [18] Carbon is used in the alloy to form cementite structure and to formation of pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. This improves hardenability of the alloys up to 0.65%. Wear resistance is increased up to 1.5%. Toughness of the alloy reduces and the brittleness increases when carbon is added. Manganese increases the hardness penetration of steel. Chromium is added to increase hardness, toughness and wear resistance to steel. Silicon acts as the deoxidiser during the manufacturing process. [19] 3.1.4.1 Chrome Steel Chrome steel is one of the widely used alloys to manufacture bearings. It is used mainly in high load bearing applications as this material is capable of withstanding very high loads. The machinability of the material is as high as highly finished, less noisy bearings are obtained. Also the life of the bearings is also very high. Under test conditions, the Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 60 64 C. This material is used in applications where corrosion is not considered. [16] The constituent elements in the chrome steel are given in the table 1. 3.1.4.2 Stainless Steel The standard material used for the bearings is 400 series Martensitic Stainless Steel. This type of steel is highly resistant to corrosion and hence stainless steel bearings are used in applications where corrosion is to be taken into account. It is having less load withstanding capacity when compared to chrome steel. There are three types of 400 series Stainless Steel suitable for making bearings. These materials are developed by manufacturers to be used for certain specific applications. [16] 3.1.4.2.1 DR Stainless steel This material is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in applications which deal with highly corrosive medium. The material can be precisely machined so as to obtain high degree of finish to the surface of bearing. This helps in smooth, low noise operation of the bearings. The Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 58 60 C. [16] The chemical composition of the material is given in table 2. 3.1.4.2.2 AISI 440C Stainless Steel AISI 440C Stainless Steel is highly resistant to corrosion and is easily available. But it is not widely used now a day when more modern materials are developed. The Rockwell hardness of the material is 58-60 C. [16] The chemical composition is given in table 3. 3.1.4.2.3 ES1 Stainless Steel: This material is highly resistant to corrosion and has high machinability. Thus highly finished surfaces can be produced. The material is having a Rockwell hardness number of 58 60 C. [16] The composition of the material is given in table 4. 3.2 SURFACE: Surface quality of the materials is one of the major tribological factors which determine the efficiency of the product. [4] Surface finish decides the amount of friction and wear of the material. Surface texture and conformity are the terms which are to be given importance. 3.2.1 Surface texture: The surface of the material is the part which interacts with the environment. The surface may not be highly finished due to several reasons. It may be due to the imperfections caused during manufacturing, due to external agents or due to loads acting on the surface. The deviations observed on the surface can be mainly classified into three which includes roughness, waviness and error of form. [23] Roughness is the surface irregularities which consist of rises and valleys. This creates an uneven surface pattern. Waviness is the small ups and downs on the surface which is having less amplitude that of roughness. These may be caused due to work piece deflections, vibration or heat treatment. Error of form is the slight deviations from the nominal shape. [6] The surface profiles can be traced by using different apparatus like Abbott profilometer, Tomilson surface finish recorder and Talysurf surface finish recorder. [4] 3.2.2 Conformity: Conformity is the degree of agreement between the surfaces. [5] An interface consisting of two plates is said to have high conformity. Journal bearing is an example for high conformity material. An interface consisting of a plate and a ball is said to be having low conformity. Ball bearing is an example for low conformity material. Conformity is an important factor which is to be considered as it has an important role in determining the pressure, shear stress and temperature in the interface. [5] Figure 7- Surface Texture [23] 3.3 LUBRICANTS: Lubrication is the technique employed to reduce wear by the interposition of a solid, liquid or gas between the two surfaces which come into contact with one another. It was a persistent problem for man for centuries from the day he used to move materials. Friction consumes and wastes energy whereas wear leads to the damage of the equipment which are undesirable and it has to be avoided at any cost. Every moving part of machinery is subjected to friction leading to wear and tear which has to be avoided. Lubrication plays a vital role in avoiding the friction between mating surfaces. The history of lubricant begins thousands of years before. It was found that the ancient Egyptians used lubricants to avoid friction in the wheels of chariots. [24] In ancient times lubricants were of animal, plant and marine origin. Later mineral oils were started to use as lubricant. The new science of lubrication based on hydrodynamics came in 1880s. [24] Lubricants are of solids, liquids and gases but liquid lubricants are widely used. These include mineral oil, synthetic oil, grease, vegetable oil and water. Lubrication is done by applying a thin film of lubricant between the surfaces in contact. [6] Thus undesirable problems like friction, wear, noise and vibrations can be reduced to a very high extent. 3.3.1 Viscosity: Viscosity of a lubricant is the main characteristic which is taken into account before selecting it for a specific application. Friction, heat generation, film thickness and load carrying capacity depend upon the viscosity of lubricant used. Generally viscosity can be stated as the hindrance of the fluid to flow. But based on lubrication, viscosity is the measure of ability of fluid to maintain lubrication at specific operating conditions. [24] 3.3.2 Lubrication Regimes: Lubrication can generally be classified into four different regimes based on the thickness of the fluid film in between the surfaces in contact. They include: Hydrodynamic Lubrication Boundary Lubrication Mixed Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 3.3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication: image8.jpg Figure 7- Hydrodynamic Lubrication [25] In hydrodynamic lubrication, a fluid film is formed in between the two surfaces in contact. Thus one surface floats on the other and there occurs no direct contact between the surfaces. In microscopic level the surfaces of the materials consist of asperities. In normal condition without lubrication, the asperities are in direct contact with each other. When one surface slides over the other, the asperities get deformed producing friction and hence wear. Hydrodynamic lubrication helps avoid the friction as there is no direct contact between the surfaces. The viscosity of the lubricant helps to increase the fluid pressure in between the surfaces. Thus the lubricant layer holds the surfaces apart. As the lubricant layer formed is thicker than the surface roughness of the material, one material slides over the other without damaging the surface. It is observed that the thickness of the film is more than 1 µm. [24, 25] The surface is separated apart by hydrostatic lift. A fluid flowing over a surface immediately takes the speed of the surface. Similarly when the fluid moves in a converging gap, the pressure increases and the surface is lifted. [25] 3.3.2.2 Boundary Lubrication: Boundary lubrication is a type of lubrication in which the surface roughness of the material is same as that of the fluid layer thickness. Thus when one surface moves upon the other, the asperities comes into contact. When load is applied the asperities gets plastically deformed which leads to friction and wear. As friction is not desirable different methods are also adopted to reduce friction in this type of lubrication. This includes the use of various additives to the lubricants. The additives are classified according to the surface action exhibited on the material surface. They are mainly of three types. Physically absorbed layers Chemically absorbed layers Chemical reaction layers 3.3.2.2.1 Physically adsorbed layers: When the lubricant is applied, it forms a layer on the material surface. The weak intermolecular force called van der Walls force exerted by the layer of the lubricant helps to attach to the surface. This layer lubricates and allows the other surface to slide over the other without causing friction. As the lubricant is not undergoing any chemical reaction, the process is reversible. The bonds formed by van der Walls force are weak and it can be removed. The main disadvantage of the physically adsorbed lubricants is that they have a temperature limit above which the lubricant melts. 3.3.2.2.2 Chemically adsorbed layers: Chemically adsorbed layers are those formed due to the chemical reaction with the surface material. Chemisorption is a type of adsorption in which the molecules are hold tight by the valence force of the molecules of the lubricant. The bonds created are stronger than the physically adsorbed layers. Usually chemically adsorbed lubricants form long chain fatty acid molecules, which has high affinity to metal surfaces. Fatty acid additives like stearic and oleic acid forms chemically adsorbed layers. The typical thickness of the boundary film is about 3 µm. As chemical reaction takes place in the interface, the adsorbed layer can be removed only under extreme conditions like high temperature, vacuum or by using some chemical treatments. [26] 3.3.2.2.3 Chemical reaction layers: Chemical reaction layers are formed by the reaction of additives in the lubricant with the surface of the material on which it is applied. In this adsorption is not taking place, instead a chemical reaction that bonds the lubricant and the material occurs. Thus the layers formed are permanent. The main disadvantage of physisorption and chemisorptions is the temperature limit above which the lubricant gets ineffective. In this type of reaction the working temperature is not a factor. Hence this type of lubrication is used in high speed and high load operating systems as high temperature is developed in these cases. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used as an additive to produce effective chemical reaction films. [24] 3.3.2.2 Mixed Lubrication: Mixed lubrication has the features of both hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. In hydrodynamic lubrication the contact surfaces are separated apart by the pressure of the lubricant interposed between the surfaces. Hence there will not be any contact between the two surfaces in motion. But in boundary lubrication, one surface rests on the other. When the surface moves the asperities gets plastically deformed which causes friction and wear. Mixed lubrication acts between the two extremes of hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication. In mixed lubrication regimes a fluid film layer is developed where contact takes place between the asperities of the surfaces. Thus a slight deformation is formed while sliding occurs which is highly desirable. The film thickness ranges from 0.05 µm to 0.1 µm. [25] 3.3.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication: Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is a type of lubrication which brings together hydrodynamic lubrication, hertzian contact and change in viscosity with pressure. In this method of lubrication, the surface is modified to minimise friction. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is used in applications where low conformity and highly loaded tribological interfaces are present. Roughness of the wearing surface is taken into consideration in this lubrication. Roughness is taken as the average of high and low points of the surface which is called as the centreline average. [27] A non conformal contact can produce pressure to a very high level. When the pressure increases it directly affects the viscosity of the lubricant. In normal conditions the viscosity of the lubricant is less noticeable but during elastohydrodynamic lubrication the viscosity increases which makes the lubricant act as a semi solid. This creates a thin film of oil in between the mating surfaces. [25] 3.4 OPERATING CONDITIONS: Operating conditions are the main aspect to be taken into account while designing a mechanical component including bearings. There are different factors which comprises the operating conditions. Load Relative Motion Temperature Environment 3.4.1 Load: The load applied on each ball and roller is to be determined to manufacture the bearings which can operate at the desired applications without failure. In order to calculate the load deflection relationship is to be developed for roller element contacting raceways. In almost all the applications the outer or inner raceways is in steady state rotation. The speed of the rotation may not be large enough to affect significantly the distribution of the load equally on each roller or ball elements. The rigidly supported bearing is subjected to radial load which may lead to deflection. The radial deflection at any rolling element is given by ÃŽ ´ÃË† = ÃŽ ´r cos ψ  ½ Pd [2] Where ÃŽ ´ÃË† = radial deflection r = ring radial shift ÃŽ ¨ = angular location Pd = diametral clearance Thrust load and roller bearings are also subjected to thrust loads which are distributed equally among the rolling elements. The thrust load can be calculated using Q = Fa / Z Sin ÃŽ ± [2] Where Q = thrust load Fa = applied load Z = number of rollers per row ÃŽ ± = contact angle 3.4.2 Relative Motion: Relative motion is the motion of either one or both surfaces with respect to each other. There are different forms of relative motion depending upon the style of motion. They include sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. Sliding refers to the smooth movement over a surface maintaining the contact between each other. Rolling is the movement by revolving within the axis. Spinning is the rotation of a material within its axis. Bouncing is the rebounding due to an impact. Chance for sliding occurs in the rolling bearings due to thrust loads. Bouncing may occur due to sudden fluctuation in loads which may lead to destruction of bearing material. 3.4.3 Temperature: Operating temperature is a factor which is to be taken into consideration for the smooth functioning of the bearings at load conditions. Temperature rise may occur in the bearings during operation which may be due to different reasons. One factor which causes the rise in temperature is the application of excess load. If excess load is applied, the material may not be designed to withstand that much high load. So it may lead to failure. Another reason for the temperature rise is the absence of lubricant. The lubricant should be interposed to the surfaces in contact. If it fails to continuously supply the lubricant to the surface, friction is produced which results in gradual rise in temperature. Various coatings are also used to overcome temperature extremes. 3.4.4 Environment: Nature of environment is the feature which can influence the efficiency and life of the bearings. There are different agents which affect the operating conditions of the bearings which may be harmful. These include contaminations like dust, wear particles, air, water, process fluid etc. Insulations are to be provided to avoid exposure to these external agents. This can be done by using seals or coatings. 4. CONCLUSION: The various tribological factors are to be considered while designing rolling bearings. This tribological audit looks for the different factors which affect the performance and life of the bearings. The major tribological factors found include material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions. Different solutions are available which can be applied to each factor to lower the friction. Material should be wisely selected which can be easily machined to obtain highly finished surfaces and should possess the strength to withstand the loads applying on it. The material should be selected according to the application. Surface texture and conformity of the material is to be carefully observed as the surface finish is one of the major factors which cause friction. Lubrication plays a major role in the performance of the equipment. Right method of lubrication is selected. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication forms the film with minimum thickness which is the most desirable in bearings. Operat ing conditions affects the performance and life of the bearings which includes contaminations like dirt, wear particles, water, corrosive process fluid etc. Proper measures are to be taken to avoid exposure to these agents. From this audit it is clear that we have to take care of the tribological factors and select the most suitable ones to obtain maximum performance and life to the rolling bearings.