A New Choice for Detecting Cervical Cancer by Deborah Levenson Article

A New Choice for Detecting Cervical Cancer by Deborah Levenson The paper A New Choice for Detecting Cervical Cancer by Deborah Levenson is a commendable case of an article survey on wellbeing sciencesmedicine. A New Choice for Detecting Cervical Cancer, created by Deborah Levenson, was distributed on November 1, 2014, by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry. This article talks about new sorts of testing that can help ladies so as to forestall cervical disease. While it is basic for some ladies to discover she has cervical malignancy is through a pap smear, there are currently new mechanical and logical advances that empower specialists to conceivably identify disease. HPV (human papillomavirus) testing opened up in 2003 and it is one of the main sources of cervical malignant growth. Fluid cytology has likewise been utilized frequently in blend with HPV testing. Cytology is suggested for ladies ages 30-65. Be that as it may, in April of 2014, a third alternative might be accessible for ladies as dependent on an investigation of ladies 21 years and more seasoned. This tried ladies who were high-hazard for HPV and had certain genotypes which, when joined, increment cervical maligna ncy in these people. There is a particular calculation to follow and it assists with deciding the likelihood dependent on the genotypes. This effects everybody by for the most part focusing on ladies. Ladies are progressively getting increasingly inclined to have cervical malignant growth and at a more youthful age. On the off chance that undetected and a lady doesn't go to her pap test consistently, it can keep on prospering obscure to the patient. This is a less obtrusive strategy by utilizing genotype testing and can help foresee malignancy before it turns into a worry. This was intriguing to peruse in light of the fact that it is a logical advancement that could foresee a sort of malignant growth dependent on a womans hereditary qualities. Despite the fact that it isn't totally going to foresee everyones expected case, it can help ladies at an opportune time to be keeping watch for irregular malignant growth cells in the cervix. This could help lower casualty rates.

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use Essay

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use - Essay Example following spending tables have been introduced by CEOs of two diverse t organizations in the transportation, An and B, encountering word related liquor use and the other not encountering the equivalent individually. The figures in the tables speak to the uses expected to be acquired as overheads for the monetary year 2011. Neurocgnitive practices are practices that are constrained by the focal sensory system. They include cognizant and subliminal choices and responses by a person to boosts in the earth. Word related practices are choices that are made by a person over the span of his official obligation. They may incorporate choices that may have noteworthy effect on the general association, and even on an individual’s life. It is critical to examine how liquor influences the conduct of a person. In an exploration done by Zeigler et.al. (2004), the discoveries were examined in four primary headings in particular: 1) the study of disease transmission of liquor use in youths and youthful grown-ups; (2) the pharmacology of liquor; a (3) Pharmacodynamics; and 4) aftereffect. A review completed by National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2000 found that the quantity of youngsters matured 12â€17 years who initially utilized liquor expanded from 2.2 to 3.1 million. The pervasiveness of liquor use increments with age, from 2.6% at 12 years old to 67% of people matured 21 years. In the event that this exploration was done somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2000, at that point it implies that the populace spoke to then is presently among the American workforce. The report additionally found that 19% of the spoke to populace spoke to gorge consumers. This implies a larger part of the populace take liquor in low portions. The investigation likewise found that incessant infections are regular among liquor consumers with the accompanying complexities being among them: hunger changes, weight reduction, dermatitis, migraines, and rest unsettling influence and Serum chemical, a significant reason for liver harm. The overvi ew further contends that 40% of people who

SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality

SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality BPD Living With BPD Print SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality By Erin Johnston, LCSW Erin Johnston, LCSW is a therapist, counselor, coach, and mediator with a private practice in Chicago, Illinois. Learn about our editorial policy Erin Johnston, LCSW Updated on February 15, 2020 Maskot/Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions When borderline personality disorder (BPD) makes communicating with your loved one difficult, following the support, empathy and truth (SET) method can help.?? It can be a way for you to talk with a friend or family member who is struggling with BPD and make her feel heard and understood. Why SET Works With Borderline Personality Disorder The symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) can result in a person with BPD  asking for conflicting things or being unable to recognize that another person cares for them, especially during times of stress.?? He or she may be unable to experience conflicting feelings at the same time and may see things in black and white with very little shades of gray. The SET method allows you to honestly address your loved ones demands, assertions or feelings, while still maintaining appropriate boundaries. Because each step builds on the last, it is important to do these steps in order.?? Support Support refers to an initial statement that indicates that you support the person with BPD. It is a statement that begins with I and demonstrates concern and a desire to help. It can be anything that establishes a foundation for the relationship or interaction: I want to try to help you feel better, I care about you or I am worried about how you are feeling. The supporting statement is meant to reassure the other person that the relationship is a safe one and that her needs matter even during this difficult moment. Empathy Empathy refers to communicating that you understand what the other individual is feeling and focuses on you. It is not a conveyance of pity or sympathy, but instead a true awareness and validation of the feelings of the other person, such as, I see you are angry, and I understand how you can get mad at me, or How frustrating this must be for you. It is important not to tell BP how she is feeling, but instead, put her demonstrated feelings into words.?? The goal is to convey a clear understanding of the uncomfortable feelings she is having and that they are OK to have, reassuring her. Without a statement of empathy, she may feel that her feelings are not understood. It is important to use feeling words, as in the examples above. Truth Truth refers to a realistic and honest assessment of the situation and the other persons role in solving the problem. It is an objective statement that focuses on the it, not on the subjective experience of either you or her. She may seem to be asking or demanding something impossible, not taking an active role or responsibility in resolving the issue or even presenting you with a no-win situation. The ?truth statement is meant to clearly and honestly respond to her demand or behavior while placing responsibility where it belongs. Examples include, This is what I can do…, This is what will happen… and Remember when this happened before and how you felt so bad about it later. It is important to use the support and empathy statements first  so that she is better able to hear what you are saying, otherwise, the truth statement may be experienced as another rejection,  creating even more defensiveness or anger.?? Validation and Support Are Not Agreement When first learning about SET, it can seem that you are being asked to agree with the person with BPD. It is important to clarify that validating feelings does not mean that you agree with them, only that you recognize that he or she is feeling them.?? The supportive communication method does not mean that you are letting the BP off the hook; instead, you are focusing on honest communication and ensuring that you are being heard, not just reacting to and defending against what is being said.

SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality

SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality BPD Living With BPD Print SET Communication Skills and Borderline Personality By Erin Johnston, LCSW Erin Johnston, LCSW is a therapist, counselor, coach, and mediator with a private practice in Chicago, Illinois. Learn about our editorial policy Erin Johnston, LCSW Updated on February 15, 2020 Maskot/Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions When borderline personality disorder (BPD) makes communicating with your loved one difficult, following the support, empathy and truth (SET) method can help.?? It can be a way for you to talk with a friend or family member who is struggling with BPD and make her feel heard and understood. Why SET Works With Borderline Personality Disorder The symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) can result in a person with BPD  asking for conflicting things or being unable to recognize that another person cares for them, especially during times of stress.?? He or she may be unable to experience conflicting feelings at the same time and may see things in black and white with very little shades of gray. The SET method allows you to honestly address your loved ones demands, assertions or feelings, while still maintaining appropriate boundaries. Because each step builds on the last, it is important to do these steps in order.?? Support Support refers to an initial statement that indicates that you support the person with BPD. It is a statement that begins with I and demonstrates concern and a desire to help. It can be anything that establishes a foundation for the relationship or interaction: I want to try to help you feel better, I care about you or I am worried about how you are feeling. The supporting statement is meant to reassure the other person that the relationship is a safe one and that her needs matter even during this difficult moment. Empathy Empathy refers to communicating that you understand what the other individual is feeling and focuses on you. It is not a conveyance of pity or sympathy, but instead a true awareness and validation of the feelings of the other person, such as, I see you are angry, and I understand how you can get mad at me, or How frustrating this must be for you. It is important not to tell BP how she is feeling, but instead, put her demonstrated feelings into words.?? The goal is to convey a clear understanding of the uncomfortable feelings she is having and that they are OK to have, reassuring her. Without a statement of empathy, she may feel that her feelings are not understood. It is important to use feeling words, as in the examples above. Truth Truth refers to a realistic and honest assessment of the situation and the other persons role in solving the problem. It is an objective statement that focuses on the it, not on the subjective experience of either you or her. She may seem to be asking or demanding something impossible, not taking an active role or responsibility in resolving the issue or even presenting you with a no-win situation. The ?truth statement is meant to clearly and honestly respond to her demand or behavior while placing responsibility where it belongs. Examples include, This is what I can do…, This is what will happen… and Remember when this happened before and how you felt so bad about it later. It is important to use the support and empathy statements first  so that she is better able to hear what you are saying, otherwise, the truth statement may be experienced as another rejection,  creating even more defensiveness or anger.?? Validation and Support Are Not Agreement When first learning about SET, it can seem that you are being asked to agree with the person with BPD. It is important to clarify that validating feelings does not mean that you agree with them, only that you recognize that he or she is feeling them.?? The supportive communication method does not mean that you are letting the BP off the hook; instead, you are focusing on honest communication and ensuring that you are being heard, not just reacting to and defending against what is being said.

King Lear Act 1 Scene Essay - 1276 Words

King Lear Act 1 Scene What impact did Act 1 Scene 1 of King Lear have on you? The first scene of the first act of King Lear had a genuinely dramatic affect upon me. This first glimpse into the world of Lear and his subordinates sets the premise for the whole play, unravelling within the first few pages, themes which I believe will become increasingly evident. The scene opens with the introduction of three characters – Kent, Gloucester and Edmund. Of these three characters the only one who seems not to have been shown in an unfavourable light yet, by this brief introduction, is Kent. This could be intentional to set It is made clear Edmund is a bastard, and therefore illegible for proper acknowledgement as the son of an Earl.†¦show more content†¦At this point of the scene it can be clearly noticed how similar Goneril and Regan are, as Regan asks Lear to measure her worth as he measured Goneril’s. This closeness seems symbolic in a way to the close-knit coven in Macbeth, as these women seem to have underlying deceptive qualities. Before considering Cordelia’s answer to Lear, we must note her comments made during Gone ril and Regan’s ‘speeches’. This is keen use of the aside speech by Shakespeare as the audience would be able to hear Cordelia’s confusion over what her response shall be and her truthful belief that her love is more ponderous than her tongue. Her indecision over what to say to her father shows really how much she does not want to offend him, but instead she does the opposite, as he cannot see beyond his pride, to her loyal words. When she says â€Å"Nothing†, she is indicating to him that he should no the worth of her love for him. The king, shocked with this appearance of ingratitude in his favourite child, desired her to consider her words, and to mend her speech, lest it should mar her fortunes. Cordelia then tells Lear that she loves him according to her station, and as much as he loves her as his daughter. She is as she says â€Å"young†¦and true†. Lear is obviously hurt but it seems, due to the severity of his actions, that his pride and title have been harmed more. He disowns her and she becomes his â€Å"sometime daughter†. At this point Kent intervenes on Cordelia’s behalfShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Act 1 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares King Lear1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Act 1 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares King Lear In a play of immense grandeur, Shakespeare has created within King Lear; a character so depraved that he appears to step beyond the realms of forgiveness. Act 1ii is the keystone of King Lear - its significance and influence radiates throughout the whole of the play. Interwoven with and parallel to the central story line, the subplot is used to enhance and develop the key themes of this tragic masterpieceRead MoreKing Lear By William Shakespeare1612 Words   |  7 Pagesoverarching theme that surrounds King Lear by William Shakespeare is justice to nearly all. The play opens in a royal â€Å"court,† but this court is unjust with wicked people such as King Lear, Goneril, Regan, Duke of Gloucester, Edmund, and numerous others. The justice does not come in this literal court, but the figurative court of nature. Stunningly reprimanded by two of his three daughters, along with the natural tempest that causes him to be enveloped by insanity King Lear is punished. Goneril and ReganRead MoreLiving1017 Words   |  5 PagesThis note will be available later.Act III, Scene I 1. What news about Albany, Cornwall, and the King of France does Kent reveal to the Gentleman? 2. What mission does Kent ask the Gentleman to complete? Act III, Scene II 1. In Lear’s first speech in this scene, how does Shakespeare portray the great emotional upheaval going on within Lear’s mind? 2. What comment about women does Lear make in his speech? 3. What is Kent’s opinion of the storm’s ferocity? 4. How does Lear’s remark â€Å"I am a manRead MorePortrayal of Women in King Lear and Ran1189 Words   |  5 PagesPortrayal of Women in King Lear and Ran Women have a position, characteristics and a role in King Lear and in Ran. These films take place in a time period when geography influenced the portrayal of women. A significant portion of how women were portrayed to the audience in both films is based on the positions women held in the established hierarchy and how their new position in the hierarchy impacted the people around them. The characteristics of female characters display very clearly how womenRead MoreKing Lear As A Man Of Great Power And Authority902 Words   |  4 PagesRecognised easily is King Lear being the main character in this script. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare had introduced him as a man of great power and authority. Lear adopted use of pronouns such as ‘we’, ‘our’ and ‘us’ which showed he believed his regal character to be monumental. Therefore the part he played in this tragedy was the tragic hero. Although he was the most authoritative character in the play, it became highly evident that he was not as astute and quick-witted as others andRead MoreKing Lear essay, exploring the notion of hope.992 Words   |  4 Pageseffects of King Lear, evaluate the view that despite the appalling suffering, the world of the play is not without hope.† In the world of King Lear, being a shakespearean tragedy, suffering, loss, and injustice are all factors often expected before an audience enters the bottomless pit of complicated characters, varying agendas, and Shakespearean english these productions usually employed. However, despite its melancholy undertone and lack of warmer lighting gels on stage, King Lear is not withoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear846 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare s King Lear, families are torn apart and are dysfunctional. Dysfunctional meaning that they don’t interact with each other properly or normally as would be seen in other families. The families are also dysfunctional in the way that they stray from normal social behavior. In the play King Lear ,families are against each other. There are many causes for this, these causes make family members act harshly against each other, and finally their actions leave negative effects on the familyRead MoreI Am a Man More Sinned Against Tha n Sinning. to What Extent Does the Character King Lear Suffer Out of All Proportions to His Initial Transgressions?1503 Words   |  7 Pagesextent does the character King Lear suffer out of all proportions to his initial transgressions? There would be two different opinions on whether or not King Lear deserved what had happened to him. First, I think I should mention the ways that King Lear suffered. There were evident levels of emotional and physical suffering. From an emotional perspective, Lear discovers that he is hated by his own daughters, which would be a terrible experience for a father. Not only is Lear hated by Goneril and ReganRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear971 Words   |  4 PagesKing Lear Exam Question In all genres there are stereotypical elements. This academic essay will outline the importance and effect of the elements of dramatic tragedy within the given passage from King Lear, and how this is significant and develops an understanding in the audience towards the play as a whole. The passage given comes from Act 1; Scene 1 of ‘King Lear’. This initial scene is what would be called the ‘initiation of tragedy’ in this context as it supplies the tragic hero; in this caseRead More Comparison Of King Lear And Gloucester Essay543 Words   |  3 Pagesaction of the play and give spark on the contrast for the themes in King Lear. Sub plots usually improve the effect of dramatic irony and suspense. The latter, which is used in King Lear, gives us the understanding of the emotions of the characters in the play. This follows the parallelism between Gloucester and King Lear. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In King Lear, the subplot of Gloucester corresponds to the major plot of King Lear. Both fathers have their own loyal legitimate child and their evil

A Description Of New England And Christopher Columbus s...

When thinking of the American Dream the first thought that comes to my mind is, â€Å"all the different opportunities people have to choose from.† People were crossing the Atlantic to come to the new world in search of different things. Some came for the opportunity of riches, others came to experience a new way of living, a better, more free lifestyle. In John Smith’s, â€Å"A Description of New England† and Christopher Columbus’s, â€Å"Letter to Santangel Regarding the First Voyage† both give in great detail, the opportunities this new land offers. For people wanting to make money, John writes, â€Å"If a man work but three days in seven, he may get more than he can spend, unless he will be excessive† (Smith 71). This one line could instantly grab the attention of several people. During this period, life in England was not the easiest or most luxurious type of lifestyle. So any sign of a better, richer lifestyle would entertain anyone. Smi th is telling the working class they could work less and get paid more. John also wrote to families and individuals who wanted a better outlook on life and enjoy their days on earth. In John’s description, he tells people, â€Å"What pleasure can be more, than to recreate themselves before their own doors, in their own boats upon the sea; where man, woman, and child, with a small hook and line, by angling, may take diverse sorts of excellent fish at their pleasure† (page 71)? With so many people in England, food at times could be in shortage. TheShow MoreRelatedA Review of Chapters Seven and Nine of â€Å"from Columbus to Castro† by Eric Williams.1490 Words   |  6 PagesEric William in chapters seven and nine of his book, â€Å"From Columbus to Castro†, provides his readers with an in-depth knowledge about the political and economic history of the Caribbean. Eric William gives his readers the story of how Europeans â€Å"discovered† the Caribbea n and how they governed it. 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The Nuiances of Basic Essay Factual Topics

The Nuiances of Basic Essay Factual Topics The Basic Facts of Basic Essay Factual Topics It's therefore important to thoroughly consider different college essay topics. When you first begin writing essays in school, it is not uncommon to have a whole topic assigned to you. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. If you would like to make an academic essay which is both outstanding and relevant, always place the items that we've discussed above in mind. Most students meet certain problems in regards to essay writing. It's crucial that you learn early on how best to compose effective essays that communicate clearly and accomplish certain objectives. An academic essay always must be relevant. If you would like to create a descriptive essay about your own personal experience, it could possibly be unusual and specific. There's no need to inform you hobbies can be immensely varied and exciting. Okay, now you have the fundamentals about how to opt for an informative essay topic, let's dig into some amazing ideas! A college essay topic may or might not be freely dependent on the student based on the course and the professor. Selecting the right topic to reveal in your work will be easier than you might imagine, you might just choose to handle the aspects you're familiar already, but still wish to find out more about from an academic viewpoint. How to Get Started with Basic Essay Factual Topics? Although the span of the topic will mostly depend on the duration of an essay you're going to write, it is is still sensible to choose one definite question and adhere to it in your work. You will discover that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. If at all possible, have somebody else read your essay and extend their suggestions for improvement. This sort of essay is directed at telling a story about a specific event in an individual's life. Other forms of factual writing, called feature stories, describe a collection of related events over a predetermined time period from the view of numerous individuals, places and things that are involved with the continuing event, like a political campaign. Factual programming takes up a sizable proportion of terrestrial and digital airtime in the uk. Appropriate configuration of the research paper is the vital point of a thriving work. The difficulty of this essay can be found in the simple fact that you've got to be well info rmed and have a deep comprehension of the nature of the subject you criticize. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other types of responses. Always keep in mind that it should be playful it must not bore your audience. A great argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research in place of only on your ideas and feelings. The greatest aim of the definition essay is to concentrate on the definition of the subject. An individual could argue there is a feeling of the future regarding the ending of this essay though it has a larger feeling of fantasy. The motive of your essay is essential to be deemed as it can identify whether you may be of help to the men and women who want a distinct educational reference. Basically, both of these types of writing are the exact same. If you're predicted to select your own subject, then the very first step is to define the goal of your essay. The second body paragraph will adhere to exactly the same format as the very first body paragraph. The very first paragraph of the human body should put forth your strongest argument to back up your thesis. What You Can Do About Basic Essay Factual Topics Starting in the Next 7 Minutes Since academi c essays are popular in the subject of education and research, you should make sure your writing is both logical, interesting and informative. You want to provide your readers enough information so that they fully see what you're writing about. Some might require research while some may require the usage of the five senses and figurative language. Factual writing explains a succession of events in a chronological, unbiased way that enables readers to put on information which is not influenced by the personal opinions of the author or publisher.

Project Requirements and Scope System

Question: Discuss about the Project Requirements and Scope System. Answer: Introduction: The local book shop owner wanted to form an automated system for developing its operations and functions. The current used system is based on the traditional operation system for the book shop. However, the owner of the book shop had realized the importance of implementing technological development at the book shop. Hence he want to introduce an app feature for his users to make provide the ease of operations for the customers. The application would be limited to the phones placed at the entrances of the shop. It would serve as an automatic display system at the shop. The physical store would still act as the main centre for the business of the shop and the customers would not yet get the privilege of the online services. The online services would be deployed only if the current system would be successful in implementation and cost effective. The new system would be based on the integration of the information system. The device app would be connected to the main database of the book shop. It would allow the customers to view the books present in the book shop easily. The inventory stored at the book shop would be stored in the main information system and the devices would be linked to the main information system. The customers would have to check in the device and look for the book they want to buy. The searching of the book from the device would take less time than the manual searching. The customers data would also be fed to the device memory. Hence, when the customer would click on buy on the device and enter their customer ID, the book would be linked to their ID and they can prevail it easily from the cash counter. The discount feature has been also added to the device. Vision for the project The project had been made for providing the book shop with the ease of operations and their customer with the ease of buying the books. The vision of the project has been divided into two sub-parts midterm vision and long term vision. They have been explained in the following paragraphs: Midterm vision- the midterm vision of the project is installing the system for the book shop. The system would help in increasing the efficiency of operations. As the customers can select the books from the use of device kept at the entrance of the shop, the customers would take less time for finding the required book at the shop. It would also decrease the time required for the operation of buying and selling process for the books at the shop. The number of customers would also increase at the book shop. It would help in increasing the sales of the book shop and generate more profit for the book shop. All this would be achieved due to the implementation of technological advancements at the book shop. Long-term vision- The primary long term vision for the project is to start the online facility at the book shop. The success of the system for the devices that would be linked to the main information system for making the customers look into the device and search for their book in the shop. Its successful implementation would result in easing the operations of the book shop. The online feature would be implied only after the success of the devices. The users would be largely benefited by the use of the online facilities of the book shop system. It would help in providing the customers satisfaction by providing them good shopping experience. The shop would make long term relations with the customers. Outcomes of the project The project had been made for making an app system that would help the book shop for easing their customer management. The app would be installed in the device and it would be placed at the gate of the shop for easing the process of buying and selling. The outcomes from the project are a system for management of the customers, app technology integrated with the operations of the shop, and base of online activities. The outcomes have been explained below: System for customer Management: the main information system would consist of the details about the inventory stock and details of the customers. The device memory and the app would be integrated with the main information system. The customers would look into the device and search for the book they want. If they find the book they just have to enter their customer ID and select the buy button. If the book is not available at the moment, they can place order on their name with the help of the app and device. Integration of app technology with the operations: The app would be integrated with the operations of the book shop. The app would take the information regarding the inventory and customers from the main information system for the business operation of buying, placing order, and searching the book from the stock list. The owner wanted to imply the app system in his shop and the project would help in implementing the app technology at the book shop. Base for online activities: The successful implementation of the app device system at the book shop would result in encouraging the owner for introducing the online feature for the customers. The users would be largely benefited by the use of the online facilities of the book shop system. The customers would be able to use internet facilities for placing the order at the book shop. Scope of the project The project had been done on the development of the app for the book shop that would be installed in limited devices and the devices would be kept at the entrance of the book shop. Scope statements of the project are: To develop an app that would help in customer management To provide better shopping experience for the customers To offer chance for future development of technology at the book shop The project had three main scopes for the book shop and their customers and they are application development for the shop, providing customer better shopping experience, offering chance for future development. The book shop owner wanted to deploy an app that would not only implement the technological development of the shop but also serve the purpose of customer management. The project made would help in deploying a system for the development of the app for the purchasing and selling operations at the book shop. The app made would offer the customers with easy selection and processing of the orders. The customers would use the device for searching for the book and placing order for it using the customer ID. The customers would not have to wait in long queues for buying and placing order for their book. The digitization of the order placing process would improve the customer experience at the book shop. The future development can be based on this project. The implementation of the app device would provide the benefit of the developing the future implementation of the technology at the book shop such as online services, application available for the customers devices, and browser based booking services. Key Assumptions for the project The project required designing an app and its system at the book shop for managing the customers of the book shop. The key assumptions made for the book shop are: App would be compatible with the devices of the book shop and not available for the devices of the customers App integrated with the main system would display only the list of available books and their prices at the book shop to the customers, it means that the information visible to the customers would be limited Customers information has been fed with a unique ID by which the customer can access the device placed at the entrance No payment feature has been installed in the app, the payment must be made at the cash counter only Smart and user friendly interface must be made for easing the use of the app, complex design would annoy the customers for operating it Each floor would have to be deployed with at least 25 devices as the capacity of each floor is taken to be about 80 that makes altogether 75 devices in total The cost estimation and budget for the app development must consider these factors before planning the budget of the project Hence, these are the key assumptions for the project of app development for the book shop. The in use current traditional operation system of the book shop would be replaced by the application feature for easing the operations of placing orders by the customers. The application would be limited to the phones placed at the entrances of the shop. Bibliography Bingham, E. and Gibson Jr, G.E., 2016. Infrastructure Project Scope Definition Using Project Definition Rating Index.Journal of Management in Engineering, p.04016037. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cerpa, N., Bardeen, M., Astudillo, C.A. and Verner, J., 2016. Evaluating different families of prediction methods for estimating software project outcomes.Journal of Systems and Software,112, pp.48-64. Deitel, P., 2014. Android App Development Fundamentals I and II LiveLessons (Video Training). Glabowski, M., Szwabe, A., Gallucci, D., Vanini, S. and Giordano, S., 2014. Cooperative Internet Access Sharing in Wireless Mesh Networks Vision, Implementation, and Experimentation of the CARMNET Project. Joorabchi, M.E., Mesbah, A. and Kruchten, P., 2013, October. Real challenges in mobile app development. In2013 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement(pp. 15-24). IEEE. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shih, F., Seneviratne, O., Liccardi, I., Patton, E., Meier, P. and Castillo, C., 2013, August. Democratizing mobile app development for disaster management. InJoint Proceedings of the Workshop on AI Problems and Approaches for Intelligent Environments and Workshop on Semantic Cities(pp. 39-42). ACM. Turk, D., France, R. and Rumpe, B., 2014. Assumptions underlying agile software development processes.arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6610. Wong, T.W.L., Masters, R.S.W. and Tse, A.C.Y., 2015. Development of a mobile app to promote fall prevention exercises for older adults by physiotherapists in Hong Kong.Physiotherapy,101, p.e1659.

Death Penalty Debate

Introduction Death penalty has been a serious debate issue both in the United States of America and other parts of the world. There have been those who champion for the abolition of death penalty and there have also been those who want the death penalty to be maintained citing that some criminals cannot be tolerated within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So many nations in the world have been reported to have abandoned the death penalty yet others have continued to use it. It is crucial to mention that death penalty has been used constitutionally by some states to punish political dissidents hence raising the main objectives of the capital punishment in terms of containing felony and other forms of criminal activities all over the world. Similarities between the two articles The first similarity that is very conspicuous between the two articles is that they both address the issue of death penalty both within the United States of America and other parts of the world. The two articles are cognizant of the fact there are some states within the United States of America that have actually abolished death penalty as a capital punishment; however, they also recognize that of these states have not abolished the corporal punishment and still apply it in punishing specific class of criminals (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the two articles examine the different modes of meting death penalty in the United States and other parts of the world. Amongst the mode of meting death penalty discussed by the articles are electrocutions through electric chair, lethal injection, gas chambers and firing by hidden prison warders. It is important to note that these articles distinguish these death penalty modes into both historic and current; they also cite technological advancements utilized in the process (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1- 2). It is also important to mention that the two articles are cognizant of the fact that the execution of those sentenced to state execution have slowed down over the past several years. They both explain that it has been highly possible that innocent people have mistakenly been executed only to be realized letter that they were innocent people. The slow down has been informed by the fact that there is need for thorough investigations to be conducted before carrying out executions. In the case of the United States of America, the slow down in the execution has been explained by the decision of the Supreme Court to stop the execution until repeals are conclusive on a particular case for which an inmate has been sentenced to death. Both articles have also addressed the fact that some governments have considered abolishing the death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). For instance, one article states that a good number of states are considering putting a stop to death as a capi tal penalty within their jurisdictions.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, another article reveals that the governor of the state of Illinois, George Ryan made of declaration of a suspension on death penalty and further appointed a commission and charged it with the responsibility of studying the system of capital punishment in the state (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Differences of the two essays As much as the two essays have addressed similar themes, there are some differences that can be pointed out. Whereas one essay has addressed the issue of death penalty in general, another is specific din pointing out the specific cases of executions that have taken place in the past. The essay on the American death penalty history reveals about the studies that have been done on how technological advancement has changed the way death penalty is carried out; for instance, it gives an insight into how death penalty has moved from trap-door gallows to what is known as the â€Å"Upright jerker† to electric chair then to gas chambers and finally to lethal injections. The other article has not addressed this issue. However, it is again important to note that the essay on history of The American death penalty has not addressed some issues that are addressed by the essay on the sow death. The essay slow death gives an insight about pressure to abandon death penalty; for instance, the articles states that in Colorado, one-vote margin was used to put down an uprising meant to go against the death penalty. This has not been hinted by the essay of the history of the American death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Again, the article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touching on d ifferent issues of capital punishment. For instance, it reveals that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. In 2010, it further states that the number of those sentenced to death reduced to thirty. This makes the essay relevant in predicting that soon death penalty may be a thing of the past; this prediction is not possible with the essay about the history of the American death penalty since it is just a general discussion about death penalty in the United States of America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on the slow death has revealed the fact that despite the commitment of various states to put an end to death penalty, there are some states that still strongly mete death penalty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the states is Texas which is described as amongst the world’s busiest executioners handling almost the largest executions in the world. This is stated that will make the United States of America in general unique with respect to abolition of death penalty worldwide. All these issues are not addressed by the other essay on the history of death sentencing in America (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). The essay on slow death has also discussed about the cost of death sentencing to the state and concerned individuals. The cost is examined in terms of moral cost and the financial cost. For instance, the essay indicates that anti-death penalty individuals have argued that the financial cost involved in death penalty issues could be utilized in taking care of unresolved murder issues that still pending within the justice system. In terms of moral cost, the essay on slow death posits that the death punishment has been disputed on the ground of it subverting what Pop John referred to as a â€Å"Culture of life .† However, the essay reveals that all these cannot be sufficient grounds on which death penalty should be abandoned. All these issues are also not addressed in the other essay that has dealt with the history of death penalty (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Conclusion Death penalty has been debated by so many people amongst who are those who fight for its abolition and those who favor it its retention within the statutes. The two articles have addressed the issue of death penalty. In the process they have some similarities and differences. Amongst the similar issues addressed by the two articles is the fight by anti-death penalty crusaders for states to abolish death penalty as a corporal punishment and the fact that some states are planning to abolish death penalty and struck it out of their statutory books. However, states like Texas has been described to still strongly cling to death penalty as a way of capital punishment and is not likely to let go any time soon (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Two essays have also discussed certain issues differently. The article on slow death has given statistics regarding death sentencing while the other article has not discussed any form of statistics. In this case, the essay on slow death has systematically given various statistics touching on different issues of capital punishment. For example, it indicates that in 2009, the state and the federal courts sentenced 37 inmates to execution which it recognizes as the lowest number since the year 1994. This kind of statistics has not been given the other essay (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2).Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, the debate about death penalty is knot likely to end soon as long as there are still those who support its statutory relevance and those who view it as an outdated form of punishment and cruelty to humanity, especially with regards to how it is carried out. Even though some states in the United States of America and countries in other parts of the world have started to abolish the penalty other states are actually reinstating it in their constitution (Bole pp.1-3 and Hartnett pp. 1-2). Works Cited Bole, William. â€Å"A slow Death.† Common Wealth. New York: Common Wealth Foundation, 2009. Hartnett. Stephen. â€Å"The Death Penalty: An American History.† The Journal of American History: New York: Bloomington, 2003. This essay on Death Penalty Debate was written and submitted by user S1erra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Essay Topic: Literature Although there is a tendency in 20th century writers, and literary critics, to approach tragedy as a high and daunting ideal, to attempt a tragedy in the 19th century was a frequent undertaking, and it is not surprising that, given Hardys brooding and unflinching intellect, the genre has a powerful presence in his stories. If his success is finest and most subtle n tragedy, he had attempted and succeeded before, and his experiments continued after Tess of the dUrbervilles. Hardy came to the writing of Tess of the dUrbervilles with a full head of steam after deciding about six years earlier that Wessex was his subject and tragedy his genre, and in the midst of a reading and thinking program that made him aware of the latest developments in late-Victorian intellectual cogitation. Some of the events associated with the cogitations of that age are social and monetary exploitation of down-and-out peasantry by nouveau riche gentry, terrorism by arrogance, intellectual adventures without a clear sense of purpose or of social obligation; larger social, industrial and agricultural movements that proceed without concern for those persons most materially and physically viscerally affected (threshers, Swede diggers); the vacuity and haplessness of social agencies such as the Church presumably set up to help those in need, but which instead work doctrinally and careeristically, and neo-complexity of all, relativism and subjectivity. An interesting speculation might be whether these concepts in humanistic terms so admirable and desirable might not be ultimately responsible for the suffering of such people as Tess, who are not able to incorporate such complexities into the mundane ness of their conceptions and ambitions. First of all, the course events Tess undergoes may be considered. Tess is the eldest daughter of John Durbyfield. But later on it is discovered that they are actually descendents of the once famous knight DUrbervilles. Poor parents of Tess send her to the DUrbervilles who are actually stokes and member of the nouveau riche gentry to claim kin with them and thus, if possible, to improve their lot. But there she is seduced by Alec DUrberville and after she returns, she gives birth to a child, who dies within a few days. Then for the second time, she goes out for employment to Tallothays dairy where she is in love with Angel Clare and subsequently married to her. But on her wedding night she is deserted by Clare, and again has to go to Flintcomb Ash for work. There again she comes across Alec, who is relentlessly pursuing for her body. In the meantime Angel leave for Brazil. Tess gives her consent to live with Alec as her mistress, the reason being her familys hard up situation. Angel at last realizes his fault and returns from Brazil. Tess murders Alec, is united with Angel and within a few days is captured by the police and towards the end she is sentenced to death. As has already been pointed out that there are several aspects of the tragedy of Tess: social, individual, historical and intellectual. Arnold Kettle, the veteran Marxist critic, figure among those who are interested in the social aspect of Tesss tragedy. According to him, Tesss story, though a poignant individual case history, would not have become so famous if it were no more than that. The history and geographical background of southern England are not just a necessary background to Tesss story, they are integral to it, entering at every turn and level into the essence of the situation that Hardy describes. It is evident in the course of Tess of the dUrbervilles that industrial invasion from the northern England is posing a serious threat to southern England, the place where Tess and people of her likes live. Industrialization is destroying the social fabric of the organic community of the south. The traditional land owning class is at stake by the newly rich tradesmen, who are at least partly represented by Angel. Sifting of people from country owing to lack of employment is also happening. Tess and girls of her like are vulnerable. They are seduced by people like Alec. Arnold Kettle concludes, saying that if David Copperfield is every fathers child abused by an unkind stepfather, Tess is every innocent but ruined woman. The author himself Hardy seems to be interested in the historical perspective of Tess of the dUrbervilles. Tess is a daughter of the once influential DUrbervilles. Violence was a part of the life of the DUrbervilles and when they were extremely powerful they used to abuse young women. But history repeats itself, and there is also a bitter irony of it. Today, Tess, the descendent of the ancient DUrbervilles is abused by others. History is repeating itself but only the role has been reversed. How eloquent the irony of history is! In chapter 59, it is mentioned that . he dUrbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. This famous statement, added in revision, underscores the centrality to the novel of the ancient DUrbervilles. Hardy has a serious use for the ancient family a reminder both of time and of cyclic occurrence but also f the irrelevance of the DUrbervilles in the modern world. The individual and intellectual aspects interpenetrate and overlap with each other. Tesss tragedy has both its individual and intellectual aspects. The foundation of Hardys idea of tragedy of the individual pervades the novel. Although now Tess is simply a maiden and perhaps his DUrberville background is also of little importance. But yet she is an individual whose distinction from other country girls can be marked in many events. Tesss skin is as sumple as a duchesss. It indicates that her complexion is one of her significant aspect. Hardy, the narrator, has mentioned that Tess uses two dialects one at home to converse with her mother and another, which is more standard and modified top converse with outsiders. This is clearly a distinction from other country girls. In this respect it is also significant that she has read up to the sixth standard at a school and she nurtured the hope of becoming a school teacher. Tesss sense of dignity demarcates her from the rest of the country girls. When the country folk make fun of her father she retorts. There is another aspect in her character which is probably uncommon in a male dominated society. She is always ready to take the responsibility of anything related to the fortune of her family whether it be the death of their horse, Prince or the responsibility to ensure financial sufficiency for the family. Her mother has a special liking for music and she can memorize any tune after listening to it only once. This has influenced Tess. The most significant trait in her character is that she is able to make such reflections as to amuse even Angel. He tells her that she reflects on such issues which are in keeping with the ache of modernism. An American critic, Dale Kramer, while commenting on Tesss character, has said that there is a contradiction in her character; she is a combination of mundane ness and extraordinariness. We might wish to follow a different track. Tess, on the superficial level, may appear mundane, but in reality, compared to others and given so many traits of her character, she is obviously extraordinary. In this respect what D. H. Lawrence says is unforgettable, Tess is passive out of self-acceptance, a true aristocratic quality, amounting almost to self-indifference. She knows she is herself This is a rare quality, even in a woman. And in a civilization so unequal, it is almost a weakness. This is the essence of Tesss tragedy. She is so aristocratic that she can only help, she can never be helped. Both Alec and Angel do her harm. To Alec she made a confused surrender. She discovers that she does not love him, she returns home. The chief problem of Tess if that she is looking for an identity which will fit her. It is in Angel that she finds it. But, unfortunately enough, Angle cannot detect this. He, who is a student of something and everything, has, at the beginning, loved only an image in Tess, not her real self. As soon as the image disappeared, he deserted her. It is only after a long course of sojourn in Brazil that he comes to realize his fault. But it is too late. In the seventh phase, Tess got her identity and that is her union with Angel and now she is ready to die, since she has achieved her fulfillment the peak of her prosperity. In her relationship with Angel, love is the main stimulus. But Angel cannot realize it. He cannot discover the depth of Tess love, nor its honesty. So he also suffers. She kills Alec because he was an obstacle a man between Angel and herself in the way to achieving her identity. This killing is a heroic deed, no doubt, if we consider the reason behind it. Tess assumes a heroic grandeur when she utters in Chapter 58, What must come will come. Upon awakening at Stonehenge to find police there, she echoes Aeschylus in saying, It is as it should be (Chapter 59) and also in her last words in the novel, I am ready. (Chapter 59) Towards the end Hardy provides a context for Tesss climactic suffering and tragedy obviously, directly associating his rural, quotidian sufferer with the mythological Ixion being punished in hell by being tied to a revolving wheel. (It is interesting that the Ixonean wheel is one of Schopenhauers favorite classical images. ) Society has contributed much to Tesss tragedy. It is always hostile to aristocrats of Tesss like. Hardy, Tesss creator, and perhaps only a few sensitive readers will realize the degree of cruelty and harshness committed against Tess, who is held with high esteem in their hearts, Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed shall lodge thee.

Tourism and environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism and environment - Research Paper Example This paper briefly explains the negative impacts of tourism on culture, history and environment of a country. Culture is an important aspect of a country which gives a unique look to the country. For example, Nepal is the only Hindu country in the world whereas Saudi Arabia is witnessed as a traditional Muslim country. Tourism is an opportunity of the locals to know more about the external world. The Muslim dominated Middle East region is advanced rapidly because of the contributions of the westerners. The technology used for extracting the oil from the underground sources by the Middle Eastern countries as are borrowed from the westerners. In fact, in many of the critical positions in Middle East, westerners are working. Emirates Airlines has become one of the best airliners of the world mainly because of the contributions from the managing director, Maurice Flanagan. Thus tourism has many positive effects on cultures. â€Å"While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture† (Mirbabayev & Shagazatova). Tourism can damage the local culture in many ways. For example, lot of people from Middle East has started to imitate the dress codes and hairstyles of the westerners leaving their traditional dresses and fashion concepts behind. Moreover they started to change even their food habits because of the influence of the westerners. At present, in Middle East, most of the companies are looking for US or UK educated youths for hiring. Traditions and customs can also be changed because of the influence of tourists on a country’s culture. â€Å"Large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping

Fire dynamics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fire dynamics - Dissertation Example At 250-300 degrees room temperature, creep has little effect on the performance on the steel structure since the amount and distribution of the effects of steel remain uniform hence any deformations occur at a slow pace. As the fire crib is set to temperatures of 0.25/0.5 MegaWatt, recorded by a thermal imaging camera, creep starts to become a dominating factor (Totten, 2007). Deformation starts to occur as the vacancies in the crystal structure diffuse to the location of a dislocation hence the dislocations move faster to an adjacent slip plane. As the temperature of steel increases so does the creep deformations. Depending on its material composition, steel’s melting point stands at 1400 degrees Celsius. Therefore, creep deformations will become noticeable at temperatures corresponding to 30% of its melting point. Creep strain has three phases which include: Primary creep/ Initial phase Steady-state creep/ Secondary creep Tertiary creep At the initial phase, the strain rate is high and increases at a steady rate, that is, it is directly proportional to temperature. On almost entering the secondary creep phase, it decreases gradually. At the steady state creep, the strain rate reaches a minimum and is almost constant. At the tertiary creep phase, the strain rate increases exponentially as temperature increases. ... sius), time zero (0), the strain on the structure is minimal, and as the curve shows, strain is always present even at normal conditions that are; steel is always undergoing strain in its normal conditions due to it general makeup which contains soluble atoms (Totten, 2007). A retardant rock wool which is welded to a steel structure aimed at adding extra heat protection reduces the effect of exposing a steel structure to long hours of heat. Although creep has a great detrimental effect on this steel structure, the extra fire protection (retardant rock wool) that is welded to the structure main objective is combating this effect (Totten, 2007). This material, which is fire resistant, tolerates temperatures of up to 1000 degrees Celsius and does not burn. It remains stable when exposed to such high temperatures. The retardant rock wool acts as an insulator in the sense that; it has an R-value which means that it has a resistance to heat flow providing rates as from 4.4dB for the 5mm th ickness of steel. Metals do not react well when exposed to fire for a very long time. When it is heated, the molecular structure of the metal becomes weak and loses its strength at over five hundred degrees Celsius. This cause the collapse of metal buildings as the metal warps and melts slightly under extreme temperatures. However, this takes a longer time and has no effect on the evacuation of the metal structure (Totten, 2007). Under normal circumstance, water reacts with metal to form rust. The surface rust is not harmful, but when exposed continuously to unprotected metal it leads to severe corrosion. Additionally, when the building is exposed to heat source for a long time, their mechanical strength of the building will decrease and thus their properties will become more dependent on

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay

Performance Appraisal Methods On Psychological Contract Management Essay The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods on psychological contract between employer and employee in UK retail sector ( Iceland food ltd. ). The author will attempt to achieve this by focusing on importance of performance appraisal methods in improving motivation and performance of the employees and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the term of psychological contract involved in performance appraisal meeting. The UK retail market is set to increase in size by 15% over the next five years, taking its value to just over  £312bn (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). However this represents a slowing down of annual growth and with operating costs and the cost of credit set to rise, the retail sector faces challenging times. The retail culture is commercially driven and as such there is pressure to perform. Working in retail is hard work and the dynamic nature of the business requires a flexible attitude. Working in a shop is very likely to involve working weekends and late nights. Work-life balance could be a very significant issue for an industry that traditionally has an image of long or antisocial working hours. The retail industry employs over 3 million people (data collected March 08). This equates to 11% of the total UK workforce (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). Almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK is generated by the retail sector. UK retail sales were approximately  £265 billion in 2007, which is larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal (UK Retail Futures 2011: Sector Summary, Data monitor). The retail industry and the jobs within it are susceptible to economic and consumer trends. Today, most organisations on the major basis have some kind of performance appraisal system in place. A study conducted by Hirsh (2006) found that only a third of the HR professionals felt that the established appraisal methods have achieved theirs objectives and that most appraised exercises could not really had helped organisations to improve their performance (Hirsh, 2006 as quoted within Fletcher, 2008 p.1). Indeed, appraisal has become an emotive word because it is either done poorly or partly as the organisations keep on ignoring the values of the performance appraisal, thereby affecting the psychological contract of the individual. There are many indicators of a traumatized psychological contract; this can later be attributed to poor performance appraisal methods. Such indicators include; high turnover, low motivation, low job satisfaction (Hiltrop, 1995). According to Fletcher (2008), The unpopularity of using performance appraisal methods can be clearly seen as most organisations use the same process with different titles such as Performance Reviews, Work Planning and Review and many others. Iceland food ltd. follow this rule as the appraisal methods in place are described. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of performance appraisal methods used on psychological contract between the employer and employee. With an aim of examining the efficiency of the techniques used to perform the appraisal system in place. The importance of the appraisal system within Iceland food ltd. will also be established. This will be initially achieved by investigating the importance of performance appraisal methods in improving the motivation and performance of the employees, and by ascertaining whether there is clear understanding of the terms of psychological contract involved in the performance appraisal meetings. It will be important to understand how these performance appraisal methods are being evaluated. The secondary research conducted on this topic, made use of a number of academic journals, articles and books related to the subject to monitor performance of appraisal techniques. The data collection procedure involves a quantitative questionnaire issued to the employees of Icelands, and a series of semi structured qualitative interviews. 1.2 The Importance of the Study The importance of the study is to understand the effect of performance appraisal on the psychological contract of the individual employee working in the retail food super stores. The method and the aim of the appraisal process is vital in giving training, motivation, confidence and job satisfaction to the employee as well as the rewards they get out of pay review. The author endeavours to find out what are the elements of the psychological contract of employee working in the retail food industry and whether or not it is affected by good or bad appraisal system used by the organisation. The primary research is conducted on the employees of the retail store to get the exact scenario of their present working conditions and their psychological contract with a focus on the performance review policy of the organisation. 1.3 Background of the company Investigated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so thats why mums go to Iceland! Iceland began business in 1970, when Malcolm Walker opened the first store in Oswestry, Shropshire with his business partners Peter Hinchcliffe, Colin Harris, Thomas Duffin and John Apthorp investing  £30 each. This was for only one months rent at their Shropshire store. They were all still employees of Woolworths at the time, and their employment was terminated once their employer discovered their job on the side. Iceland initially specialized in loose frozen food. By 1975, there were 15+ Iceland outlets in North Wales, with the first supermarket-style outlet opening in Manchester a couple of years later. The firms head office moved to Deeside, Flintshire in 1979. Iceland was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, by which stage it had 81 outlets. In 1989 Iceland bought its competitor Bejam which was some three times larger in terms of business. By January 2004, the combined chain had 760 stores throughout the United Kingdom. Finding the retail market more hostile in the late 1990s, Iceland pursued avenues for differentiation. In 1998, the firm began to focus on providing organic food and genetically modified-free food. This policy saw the company convert its entire frozen vegetable range to organic in 2000. In 1999, Iceland launched what it claimed to be the first nationwide, free, online grocery shopping service. This tied in with the rebranding of all outlets under the Iceland.co.uk. However, the rebranding exercise appears to have been quietly abandoned in the early 2000s, as the unadorned Iceland name is now used more widely, although some stores still have the Iceland.co.uk name on display. Iceland was renamed the Big Food Group in Feb 2002, and attempted a refocus on the convenience sector with a bid for Londis. Grimsey remained until the takeover and demerger of the Big Food Group by a consortium led by the Icelandic company, Baugur Group in February 2005. Since Malcolm Walkers return to the company, Iceland has reduced the workforce by 500 jobs at the Deeside Head Office, with approximately 300 jobs moved in September as a result of a relocation of a distribution warehouse from Deeside to Warrington. During July 2006, 300 workers took industrial action with the support of their union, blocking several Lorries from entering the depot. Despite this, the transfer to Warrington took place and the new warehouse was later outsourced to DHL in April 2007. In January 2009, Iceland announced that it would buy 51 stores in the UK from the failed Woolworths Group chain; three days after the final 200 Woolworths stores closed their doors for the last time. In April 2009, Iceland announced plans to close its appliance showrooms by September 2009 to concentrate on food retailing. Icelands sales for the year ended 27 March 2009 were  £2.08 billion, a 16% increase on the previous year, with net profits of  £113.7 million. Iceland is a successful and growing business, and to maintain our momentum we want to help all our people to fulfil their ambitions and realise their potential.   We take pride in our training and development, and our 2009 staff survey showed that 87% of our employees considered that they had all the training they needed to do their job well.   In addition to paying close attention to the results of these regular surveys, we conduct individual performance reviews designed to identify strengths, ambition and potential, and are strongly committed to providing opportunities for those who wish to develop their careers within Iceland.   Over 60% of our store managers have attained their positions through internal promotion. Currently Iceland is having over 750 stores through out the UK. And more than 18000 employees work within Iceland food ltd. Iceland have employees hand book that is handed over to the employees during the induction. This employees handbook is basically designed for the frontline staffs, which includes the entire details of the induction procedure, probationary period, performance appraisal, disciplinary, dress policy, dignity at work and grievance procedures and other important elements of the contract. The entire information on the Icelands was known to the author with the help of store manager of the Iceland food ltd. And from the Iceland food ltd website and staff hand book. AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. 1.6 Overview of the Study The dissertation will be presented in a series of the following chapters. Brief description of each chapter is written below with a diagrammatic representation (Figure 1.0 and Table 1.0 Overview of the study). Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Methodology Chapter 4 Results Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation Introduction: This chapter gives the introduction to the study, covering the aim and objectives of the study. It includes the statement of purpose and the background of the company investigated. Literature Review: This chapter provides the critical analysis of all the secondary research conducted by the author on the performance appraisal, psychological contract followed by the discussion of the effects of former on latter. Methodology: This chapter explains the research aim and the research process undertaken by the author to fulfil the research questions outlined in previous chapter. It also includes the primary method conducted by the author to gather the research data. Results: This chapter includes the findings of the primary research conducted by the author. It also includes the charts and graphs that explain the findings of the research. Discussion and Analyses: This chapter includes analyses of the finding of the primary research. It also includes the comments of the interviews as well as analyse the outcome of the survey conducted by the author. Conclusion and Recommendation: This is the final chapter of the study which will give a synopsis of all the findings and cross refer it with the objectives stated in the initial chapter. It will also offer the recommendations for further research. Chapter 5 Discussion and Analyses CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction A literature review as defined by Fink (2005:3) is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesising the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink 2005, p.3) AIM The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of appraisal method on the psychological contract between the employer and employee. Objectives To examine the concept and theories related to psychological contract. To examine the concept and theories related to performance appraisal. To describe and compare performance appraisal methods used by Iceland food ltd. To critically analyse the effect of performance appraisal method on psychological contract. To draw conclusion and make recommendation about the effectiveness performance appraisal method on the employees of Iceland food ltd. This section therefore, attempts to review some related literature relevant to this study. Moreover this literature review seeks to justify the uniqueness of this study in the light of the works of other known scholars in the field of performance assessment strategies on the psychological contract, focusing on the performance appraisal method used by Iceland food ltd, U.K. This section is arranged into themes in line with the research objectives and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. The review will begin with the purpose of the psychological contract and the appraisal method, followed by the different types of the appraisal methods. Then the performance appraisal method used by the Iceland food ltd U.K. will be critically reviewed and how the performance appraisal affect the psychological contract between the employer and employee will be discussed. Lastly the advantages and limitations of this factor and the importance of this study will be presented. In addition, a recent view is of Conway and Briner where they define : What Psychological Contract is ? To examine the concept of the psychological contract, a review of existing definitions and research needs to be assessed. Origins of the term psychological contract derived from Argyris in the 1960s who referred to it as the implicit understanding between a group of employees and their foreman, while Schein in 1965 further developed the concept focussing on the high level relationship between the employee and the organisation (Wellin 2007). Furthermore, Kotter in 1973 (as quoted within Roehling 1997) described the psychological contract as, an implicit contract between an individual and his organisation which specifies what each expects to give and receive from each other in their relationship. (Kotter as quoted within Roehling 1997 p.210) psychological contract as, the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other (Conway and Briner (2005) as quoted within CIPD 2009) However, Rousseau (1995) (as quoted in Guerrero and Herrbach 2007) believes that the psychological contract is formulated in the minds of the employees, individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation. (Rousseau (1995) as quoted within Guerrero and Herrbach 2007 p.4) Taking all that into consideration, the nature of the psychological contract can be seen as the implicit unwritten expectations and beliefs that one holds in relation to their employment relationship. These contracts can be highly subjective and what makes them binding is what they are perceived to be (Hughes and Palmer 2007). Conway and Briner (2002) state that the beliefs refer to employee perceptions of the explicit and implicit promises regarding the exchange of the employee contributions such as effort, ability and loyalty for organisational inducements such as pay, promotion and security. Moreover, Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) supports this statement by stipulating that workers are expected to input their skills, time, effort, commitment and loyalty to the organisation in return of wages, benefits, job security, opportunity to progress their achievement, power, status and affiliations. Witte et al. (2008) clarifies further that the idea of balance is key to these mutual exchanges within this dynamic and informal contract so that the employee feels that what is offered by the organisation balances what the individual brings to the relationship. Perceived imbalance could consequently result in the perception of contract violation. The CIPD (2005) highlighted a simplified Guest model (1996) of the p sychological contract as illustrated in Figure 2.1. The influencing factors that feed into the contract include the human resource practices, organisational content and the individual characteristics of the employee. The psychological contract content can be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the amount of which the implicit deal or contract is perceived as being delivered in reflection of a set of obligations or some sort of exchange (Guest 1996). The outcomes as a result of the content of the contract are the employee attitudes and behaviours. The CIPD (2005) found that employees attitudes of trust, fairness and delivery of the deal are major determents to gaining a psychological contract which creates employee commitment and satisfaction. Robinson (1996) (as quoted within Bosch-Sjtsema 2007) claimed that expectations are often shaped by past experience, social norms and observations that are influencing factors to the contract. It was also asserted by Rousseau (2001) that these promise based psychological contracts take the form of a mental model or schema over time. She found that an employees pre-employment experiences, recruiting practices within the company and on the job socialisation as influencing factors to the formation of these schemas which may differ the content or form that an individuals psychological contract takes. 2.1 The Purpose of Psychological Contract According to Bloisi et al., (2003; p.123) the psychological contract is considered as workers implicit expectations about what they are expected to contribute to an organisation and what they will receive in return (Bloisi et al., 2003 p. 123) In a similar way Schein (1965) defined that The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organisation and the various managers and others in that organisation (Schein 1965 as quoted within Armstrong 2003, p 297). According to Hiltrop (1995), it has been noticed there is a significant rate of change of the economic environment in which the organisations work during the last twenty years. Increasing competition, globalisation of markets has demanded greater flexibility and productivity of organisations, as well as new strategies focused on innovation and speed. In the psychological contract the perceived responsibility of an organization influenced by employees expectation ( Cheong Kim 2009). As a result, the terms of old psychological contract has changed radically which earlier gave security, stability and predictability to the relationship between employer and employee (Hiltrop, 1995 p. 286 287). Moreover, the above definition stated by Schein (1965) was amplified by Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1994) who stated that Psychological contracts refer to beliefs that individuals hold regarding promises made, accepted and relied upon themselves and another. (In case of organisations, these parties include an employee, client, manager, and/or organisation as a whole.) Because psychological contracts represent how people interpret promises and commitments, both parties in the same employment relationship (employer and employee) can have different views regarding specific terms. (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1994 p. 463-89) Guest and Conway (1998) summarise stating that since the psychological contract is not written down formally it lacks the characteristics of the formal contract due to which it has no beginning and no end and which is why it cannot be enforced in a court or a tribunal. Guest and Conway (1998) also believe that: The psychological contract is best seen as a metaphor; a word or a phrase borrowed from another context which help us make sense of our experience. The psychological contract is a way of interpreting the state of the employment relationship and helping to plot significant changes (Guest and Conway, 1998 as quoted in Armstrong, 2003 p. 298). 2.1.1 The importance of Psychological Contract The importance of the psychological contract was emphasized by Schein (1965) suggests that the extent to which people work effectively and are committed to the organisation depends on the degree to which their own expectation of what the organisation will provide them and in return what the organisation expects of them; and the nature of what actually is exchanged for example, money in exchange for time at work, security in exchange for hard work and loyalty, and various combinations of other things (Schein, 1965 as quoted within Armstrong, 2003, p 299). The HR profession will have significant role to play in the management and balancing of the general or specific psychological contracts of employees. The HR function can act as a focal point for helping to discover employees expectations through collective channels or individual mechanisms, while seeking to provide for the meeting of employees expectations (e.g. Sims, 1994) (Holden and Breadwell, 2001 p. 546). The HR professionals must make sure that different facets of human resource management and the different managers shape and support the psychological contracts in consistent, integrated and balanced manner, (Rousseau and Greller, 1994 p. 385-401). If employees feel that their psychological contract has been disrupted or breached, and then they may withhold or withdraw from the relationships, consciously or unconsciously, (Spindler, 1994: 326- 327). 2.1.2 The Guest model of Psychological Contract This model was formulated by Guest et al, 1996 suggests that the contract should be measured in terms of fairness of treatment, trust, and the extent to which the explicit deal or contract is perceived to be delivered. Figure 2.1: A Model of the psychological contract Causes Organisational culture HRM policy and practice Experience Expectations Alternatives Consequences Fairness Trust The delivery of the deal Content Organisational citizenship Organisational commitment Motivation Satisfaction and well-being Source: Guest et al, 1996 The simplified Guest model of the psychological contract as illustrated above in Figure 2.1 (as quoted in CIPD 2006) defines it in terms of linkage between the inputs, being the HR practices; the employee features and the companys characteristics together with the content, being the fairness and trust and finally the outputs being the employees behaviour; work performance and delivery. ODonnell and Shields (2002) believes that Guests extended model of the psychological contract (from employee perspective) represents a particularly useful way of understanding the attitudinal and behavioural impact of employment practices at the level of the individual employee (Guest 1998: 659-60) Hiltrop (1995) states that this psychological contract has two important aims, the first for providing a gauge for employers of the type of outputs they are going to obtain from employees and secondly by employees contributing their time and effort for the level of rewards they will receive. 2.1.3 The changing nature of the Psychological Contract According to Hiltrop (1995), there is considerable evidence that shows the changing of the psychological contract in the past decades. Now the employers want to know in advance the outcome of the employees efforts and employees want to know what reward he will get in exchange of the hard work and time spend in the organisation. De Meuse and Tornow (1990) stated that since the 1970s, however, the force that connect employers and employees has become severely stressed organisations deal with the need to cut costs and enhance efficiency, have ever more compacted their workforce and eradicated some of the elements (job security, regular promotions up the corporate ladder, annual wage increases, cheap mortgages, etc.) offered as a rule to employees in the earlier decades (De Meuse and Tornow 1990 p. 203-13). Moreover, people fill in the blanks along the way, and they sometimes do so inconsistently (Rousseau, 1994 as quoted in Hiltrop, 1995 p. 287). In addition to the above context, Kolb et al., (1991) have pointed out that a company staffed by cheated individuals who expect far more than they get is headed for trouble (Kolb et al., 1991 as stated in Hiltrop, 1995 p.287). Conversely, optimistically, some organisations are trying to develop steps that can increase mutuality and to endow with scale for tangential career development and enhance knowledge and skills through opportunities for learning. It has been recognised that the organisations can no longer provide a guaranteed long term job to the employees; they have to take responsibilities to build their skills and give a path for career development. In other words they take steps to improve employability (Armstrong, 2003 p. 302). Two diagrammatic representations are given below which shows the differences between the old and new employment contract by Kissler (1994) and the changing nature of the psychological contract by Hiltrop (1995). Figure 2.2: Difference between the old and new contract. OLD Relationship is predetermined and imposed You are who you work for and what you do Loyalty is defined by performance Employees who do what they are told will work till retirement NEW Relationship is mutual and negotiated You are defined by multiple roles, many external to the organisation Loyalty is defined by output and quality People and skills only needed when required Long-term employment is unlikely; expect and prepare for multiple relationships Source: Kissler, 1994, p. 335-52 Figure 2.3: Changing Psychological Contract . FROM Imposed relationship (compliance, command and control) Permanent employment relationship Focus on promotion Finite job duties Meet job requirements Emphasise on job security and loyalty to the company Training provided by organisation TO Mutual relationship (commitment, participation and involvement) Variable employment relationship people and skills only obtained or retained when required Focus on lateral career development Multiple roles Add value Emphasis on employability and loyalty to own career and skills Opportunities for self-managed learning Source: Hiltrop 1995, p 286-294. Hiltrop (1995) also suggests that a new psychological contract is emerging which is more situational and short term that assumes that each party is less dependent on the other for survival and growth. This new contract was described by Hiltrop (1995) as a worker being employed as long as they provide added value to the company and in return they expect the right to demand interesting and important work with the freedom and resources to perform it well along with performance related pay and training and development. However Armstrong (2006) argued that this could hardly be classified as a balanced contract because employers still dictate their workers employment terms and conditions apart from cases where workers are in demand and there is little supply of skills. Mant (1996) (as quoted within Armstrong 2006) classified workers as resources that are acquired or divested according to shortterm economic circumstances, therefore having little influence over the terms of the contract that their employer offers them. Additionally Taylor (2008) claims that the new relationship is less emotional and is simply an economic exchange, thus moving from relational to transactional. Organisations that are now adopting the rationale behind the use of the flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984) will have developed diverse types of psychological contracts among their workforce. Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni (1995) (as quoted within McDonald and Making 2000) found that temporary staff usually have a transactional contract with significance given to the economic elements of the contract, whilst permanent staff are more likely to have a relational contract involving commitment to the organisation. Additionally Guest (2004) found that the content of temporary workers psychological contract is narrower, transactional and easier to manage on both the employers and employees behalf which temporary workers preferred. An investigation into the company Flexco (Saunders and Thornhill 2005) found that forced change within the company structure through downsizing changed the psychological contract of those on permanent and temporary employment contracts. After the changes it was reported that the temporary workers contained mostly transactional expectations and most permanent employees were found to have relational expectations. However, there were a few exceptions regarding permanent employees, who felt that the changes had violated their contract in terms of interpersonal treatment. These employees felt insecure, and worried that they may face a temporary contract in the future, which emphasises that they no longer felt as though their job was secure. 2.2 The purpose of the performance appraisal. Performance assessment is one of the many people management techniques that classify and order individual hierarchically (Townley, 1994, p.33). A performance appraisal is the process by which a manager evaluates an employees work performance by measurement and comparison with previously established standards (Palmer, 1991 p. 1). According to Palmer (1991), there are two major purpose of conducting performance appraisals. One purpose is to provide the information for the administrative decision making such as the increment of salary, bonuses, promotion and the administrative actions that can be brought by the work performance of the employee. This also helps the organisation to decide whether to introduce for instance, a new incentive system or to improve the present pay and promotion methods. In other words, it is a vehicle to validate and refine organisational actions. For example, it has been noticed in the appraisal data that one of the employee has constant conflicts with the fellow colleague or with the supervisor or manager. Some options can be concluded from the above case, which is, showing more importance to the interpersonal skill while recruiting the new staff or encouraging the present employee to attend the sessions on the conflict management offered by various colleges or providing the employee with one-to-one counselling (Billikopf, 2003 p. 60). The other major purpose is to provide feedback to the employees on their work performance based on the standards established on the job description and analysis. Feedback provided by the supervisor or the manager give the employees an opportunity to develop their career path within the organisation. Feedback can be positive or constructive. Positive appraisal has many benefits and beneficiar