Elderly living in institution and community

The rapidly increasing population of elderly all over the world has been one of the important concerns of the decision makers and planners on how to provide health care and facilities. Statistics shows that population of elderly accounts for one individual of the ten persons is now at age 60 years old and above. It is projected that in the year 2015, there will be an increasing rate of elderly population such that there will be five out of 10 persons considered as senior citizens. In the Philippines, there is an estimated 5. Million elderly Filipinos or about 6. % of the total 80 million populations. This is projected to grow by 9. 5% in the year 2020. Despite of the life expectancy and the facilities on medical and social systems provide to elderly, the vital question is â€Å"What are their situations and experiences at elderly stage? † Are they experiencing uncomfortable situations such as loneliness, depression, social isolation or controversial quality of life? In some As ian countries like the Philippines culture dictates that the family must take care of their elders.But some arousing circumstances like when both couples of a family must work so that here is no one to take care of them or when poverty cripples the financial status of the family. These circumstances will leave an option but to put their elders in an institution. The connotation that putting them in an institution might divulge some questions such as will the elders be lonely when they are in an institution or will they be happy thinking that they will never be a burden for their family.? Will their loneliness affect the quality of life that they have in the institution?How the Filipino family may adjust when their elders are in the institution and as they are facing the dead of ingratitude to their loved one. According to some research studies, it was postulated that the quality of life is not homogeneous, but multidimensional in nature with many option extending from health indicat ions to individual habits, cultures and ethics. Loneliness has a psychological dimension which reflects somebody attitude and behavior about his life. Elderly often expresses negative feelings and loneliness because of the ageing process and social strength that influence their quality of life.In this reasons, loneliness could be a one important parameter or indicators that effect the quality of life or vice versa, particularly the elders' society. Theoretical Framework Psychosocial Theory. Erik Erikson (1950) who took a special interest in the final stage of life, concluded that the primary psychosocial task of late adulthood (65 and beyond) is to maintain ego integrity (holding in to one's sense of wholeness) while avoiding despair (fearing there is too little time to begin a new life course).According to the author, those who succeed at this final task also develop wisdom that includes accepting without any regrets of life and has to live until the end of last breath death). He e mphasized that even older adults who are above in the high degree of integrity can felt some despair at this stage which they contemplate their past experiences. Interactions Theory. Weiss (1978) mentioned there are two elements of loneliness. One aspect is the emotional loneliness due to the absence of an attachment figure; and the other one is the social loneliness or the absence of an acceptable social network.Register Theory of Generative Quality of Life for the Elderly. According to M. Elizabeth Register and JoAnne Herman (2006), the quality of life is defined as being unconnected with the forces and processes that constitute an assenting existence. The elderly generate quality of life as they experience connectedness in which is a state of synchronous, harmonious, and interactive presence with the six interrelated forces and processes. It involved the act of being metaphysically connected to spiritual, biological, environmental and to the society.Conceptual Framework In the ab ove theoretical framework, the conceptual framework of the study is developed as shown in Figure 1. The first rectangle box contains the variable of loneliness (independent variable) while the second rectangle box contains the actors contributing to the dimensions of quality of life. The two arrows determine the relationships between loneliness and the quality of life of elders. The third rectangle contains the output/outcome of the study as an â€Å"Enhanced Quality of Life† of the elders in the community and the institution.Conceptual Paradigm Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm Showing the Relationship between Loneliness and Quality of Life of Elders Statement of the Problem The study will determine the relationship of loneliness and quality of life of elderly individuals living in the community and institutions. Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How may the level of loneliness of the elders in the community and in the institution be describ ed when categorized as: 1. 1 . Positive feelings, and 1. 2. Negative Feelings? . What is the level of the quality of life of the respondents when grouped according to: 2. 1. Emotional aspect 2. 2. Physical aspect and 2. 3. Social aspect? 3. Is there a significant relationship between loneliness and quality of life of the elders? 4. Is there a significant difference in loneliness and quality of life between elders in the community and in the institution? 5. What are the policy recommendation(s) to improve quality of life and sustain the programs of elderly in mitigating the loneliness of elders?In this study, the researcher will provide policy recommendations or measures on how to intervene appropriate program and activities for the elderly whether in the community or within the institution. Hypothesis The hypothesis will be tested at 0. 05 level of significance. Ho: There IS no significant relationship between the level of loneliness and quality of life among elders. Ho: There IS no significant difference IN the loneliness and quality of life of elders living in the community and institution. Significance of the Study Student nurses.The result of this study will help them enhance their knowledge and understanding on taking care of elders. It will help them to have an open mind to care holistically for the elders and to treat them highly individualized. Family members. The findings of the study can help them assess the quality of life of elders in institutions and will serve as a guide in the decision making if they are pushed to whose between putting their beloved parents to an institution or not. Health practitioners. The results of the study can help them to reach out beneficial conclusions.They can detect the factors on how to mitigate and improve the quality of life by avoiding the loneliness experiences of elders. It can also provide information on what are the weaknesses and opportunities of elder's daily living and make a sustainable program and activit ies, I. E. , rehabilitation programmer for elders. Future researchers. This study can provide information to have follow-up study to elated the variables and other parameters to measure the loneliness relative to the quality of life.Scope and Limitation The focus of this study is to establish the relationship between loneliness and quality of life of the elders at the institutions and community levels. The study will adapt and use the generic questionnaire developed by Nottingham Health Profile for Quality of Life and UCLA Loneliness using the Liker scale. The respondents of this study will be limited to 150 respondents in which the elders had an age ranging from 60 to 89 years old. The respondents also had no dementia and physical disability.Definition of Terms Loneliness refers to the positive and negative feelings of the elderly in community and institution. Negative Feeling- refers to a state of social isolation and feelings of emptiness. Positive Feeling- state of harmony with oneself and other people. Quality of Life- refers to the emotional, physical and social dimensions of the elders. Emotional Aspect- refers to the inner feelings of elders regarding their emotion. Physical Aspect- refers to the functional and biological status of the elder Social Aspect- refers to the status of connection of elders to the people surrounding them.

Essay about citizenship †Citizenship in Sao Paulo’s Favelas

Introduction Sao Paulo is not only the biggest city in Brazil, but is the biggest proper in the Americas and in the southern hemisphere and not to mention, ranking seventh in terms of population in the whole world. Its metropolis is the second most populated in the Americas and ranks in the top ten largest in the world. This city is the capital of the state of Sao Paulo and a significant center in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment in Brazil. Sao Paulo has recorded a significant growth compared to other cities in Brazil in terms of population and with urbanization at 81 percent; it is witnessing an increase in slum housing. This problem started in the beginning of 20th Century with the segregation that existed between the affluent, who lived in the central districts, and the poor, who lived in the low lying floodplains. This pattern of urban settlement has changed with poor migrants moving into all city spaces. The rapid spread of slums began in the 1980s with the development of favelas in the urban peripheries and the cortices. Currently, the favelas are the dominant form of settlement and have broken its confinement into all parts of Sao Paulo, the insurgent citizens of the city. There has been an ongoing conflict between the residents of favelas and the public authorities because of the encroachment into the areas valued by the property market. In addition, the favelas are slowly being driven into the poorest, most peripheral and dangerous areas devoid of basic urban services, such as water, power, education. This paper intends to reveal that this insurgency is a conflict of citizenship and not just instrumental outcry and violence. Citizenship in this case refers to recognition of residents’ legal presence in the city and their rights to basic urban services. Insurgency in Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, like many other cities in the developing countries, is not planned. According to UN Habitat (2012), planning for social integration is important as it addresses policies that could or affect the poor. It is also recommended that these plans be done well in advance so as to tackle the issues before they occur rather than as they occur. Urban planning plays a key role in mitigating insurgent citizenship. As aforementioned, the peripheries of Sao Paulo were inhabited by worker back in the 1960s who constructed their homes through autoconstruction. They did this without any infrastructure; this process is still used today as a primary means of settling the urban poor in the city. Nonetheless, as evident, this process has done little to solve the problem of housing in the city. The city of Sao Paulo has experienced rapid economic growth, this growth, however, has been unevenly distributed among the population, and this has resulted in wide social and economic disparities. The f avelas of Sao Paulo is a marked representation of these issues, with inadequate infrastructure and urban services, lack of the rule of law and adequate policing, as well as violence emerging from institutionalized poverty. The city has lost its appeal of a neutral entity; it has become a political and economic space, where the meaning of citizenship and urban life is regularly on trial, here power relations are forcefully maneuvered and sustained. There are notable examples where the residents of the favelas have taken action to claim ownership of the slums. Holston (2007) explains that, in 1972, the residents of Jardim das Camelias roughed up court officials, an incident that led to massive arrests by the police and for a week what seemed to be a conflict between the law and the residents ensued supported by politicians and lawyers. This was triggered by eviction notices that were to be delivered to the residents and which they ignored and used violence to evade, at least one perso n died. In 2003, an official went to Lar Nacional, to cancel one of the residents title that had been recently issued. This saw the beginning of long legal battle between the residents of the favelas and the court system. They had learnt to organize themselves as a unit, neighborhood association. The court official’s intention was to demand the cancellation of the title as a result of an anomaly in measurements. The title was issued through adverse possession a legal way of acquiring an original title by proving possession over an uninterrupted period. The residents spent more than a decade petitioning the judiciary for such validation, and it was a historical case as the first to return favorably decided, the resident was issued a new title, site plan, as well as tax number. Moreover, this insurgent citizenship came out of the peripheries and the favelas into the civic square, with the elections of 2002, the country witnessed one of the residents of the favelas rises to the highest office of the land. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, of the Workers’ Party (PT) grew up poor in the urban peripheries of Sao Paulo, and this seemed as a victory for those who lived in these areas as they filled the central spaces of Sao Paulo with the red banners calling for citizenship. Citizenship It is critical to understand the condition of working class citizenship in Sao Paulo to examine the emergence of the citizenship in the favelas. Wolfe (2014) points at the fact that the establishment of a working class in Sao Paulo revolves around the long-time relationship between land, labor, and law that exist in land policies. These were meant to bring forth a particular kind of work force in addition to illegalities that result in settlements as well as legalization of property claims. Such illegalities resemble the current ones in the peripheries. The only difference is that this happens with an unexpected result that in the end generates a distinct formulation of citizenship. According to Holston (2007), the elites in the 19th Century introduced a regime of citizenship to strengthen their hold of power in the new formed nation state. In this process, they used social differences, such as education, race, gender to induce different treatment to different segment of citizenship. This was the beginning gradation of rights among the citizens, and here rights were based on segregation, there were certain sections treated better than others. It is this system that created the citizenship of inclusive membership, but largely inegalitarian in distribution. For the elite to maintain the differentiated treatment to citizens after the country’s independence and the abolition of the slave trade, they came up with a dual pronged solution. They ensured direct suffrage and made it voluntary, but at the same time limited it to those who could read and write. This restriction made the electorate much smaller, furthermore in the constitution; there was an elimination of the citizens rights to basic education that provided them with some limited education. This restriction denied the citizens of their political citizenship for a long time until 1985 when it was repealed. According to Holston (2007), after the repeal, the elites still longed to control civil and econ omic matters. They established a real estate industry that facilitated legitimate the ownership of private property and one that supported free labor immigration. In addition, they created high price for the land and made wages low to restrict the many workers legal access to land forcing them to basically be source of cheap labor. The two citizenships developed in tandem and became restrictive as the country changed from a slave based nation to a republic based on wage labor. The regimes that followed in the 20th century followed this paradigm establishing an inclusively inegalitarian citizenship and adopting it to a modern situation. It incorporated the emerging labor force in the urban areas into a new arena of labor law devoid of equality. According to , inclusively inegalitarian citizenship was the cause of the insurgency. Inegalitarian citizenship representative of inequality in his theory can be disapproved more so in the context of it use. If the residents of the favelas are unequal, that has not stopped them from moving up the economic and political ladder. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is a good example of this scenario; he was raised in the favelas and emerged as the head of state. Therefore, the insurgence is not in demand for autonomy, but for residence and more so for the poor. The cause for the insurgency was lack of planning that takes into consideration the workers and the poor of the city. In addition, as much as Holston (2007) argues that favelas claimed their citizenship, this is far from the truth. They might have stopped evictions and initiated a new process of issuance of titles, but this calls for a redefinition of citizenship. Citizenship calls for recognition of the rights of each and every resident, as part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. The rights herein refer to basic urban services including but not limited to water, sanitation, power, and education. The favelas inhibit provision of these basic services, first of all it is not easy to gauge the population in these areas for planning purposes; they are not only congested, but also risky as a result of high crime rates. In addition, the houses constructed in favelas are not planned and are informal hence it is difficult to access them for the provision of certain services such as good roads, drainage, water supply and even power. These conditions render the favelas by default inaccessible to basic urban services. Furthermore, Holston’s (2007) approach explores cultural phenomena, and he makes a persuasive case. There seems to be another problem in the favelas that have a direct bearing on the limited citizenship of the favela residents. There is a need for a clear ethnographic analysis of the key players in these areas, and Holston (2007) fails do provide this. The favelas have been invaded by cartels that would rather have them remain the way they are for business purposes . First, the drug cartels, they have a system of criminal leadership. These criminal gangs have control over most areas of the favelas making it difficult for the residents to receive much needed services due to fear. The middle class and the upper classes are of the opinion that favelas are loci of violence and the epicenter of criminality. This view is further perpetuated by the state officials as well as the law enforcement that result to a repressive approach, from regular police raids to forceful eviction of large populations and razing the structures. These actions are usually justified by the mere fact that the favelas are crime hotspots. Criminal gangs and activities play a significant role in preventing accessibility into the favelas, this leads to the government shortsightedness, police unaccountability, and most important lack of opportunities and services for the residents relegating them to a state of inegalitarian citizenship. Rights in Sao Paulo Favelas The emergence of citizenship in Sao Paulo’s public spheres forced the authorities to relook into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. These brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the state’s current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance: they resolved the new common and personal spaces of everyday life among the economically challenged in the favelas; the rights concerned men, women as well as the children and established work to give state services. The most notable fact of the rights is that they introduced reconceptualization, what Holston (2007) refers to as the greatest historical innovation of these rights. The proponents of these rights had initially thought of them as entitlements of general citizenship, as opposed to a differentiated category of citizens. In this regard, the emergence of participatory p ublics in the favelas introduced and established new understanding and exercise of citizenship rights as well as expanding substantive citizenship to new social frontier. The foundation of rights, therefore, is a combination of new and old formulations. In addition, these rights are subjected to change in concepts. Nonetheless, there is a presentation of a mixture of rights that include treatment rights, contributor rights, as well as constitutional rights. It is evident that few people refer to constitutions and laws and if they do; it was to complain and that, with the exception of labor rights, most were not applicable. The concept of rights as a privileged few is grounded in several incarnations, entrenched in the system of differentiated citizenship. In other words, citizenship remains a means for the distribution and legitimizing inequality. This concept was prevalent in the post constitution favelas being used more than the insurgent one of generalized text-based rights. The generalized text, based rights, proposes that the residents of favelas have unconditional rights and that their rights are not based on personal, social or moral status. This sets the stage for the establishment of and the achievement of a more equalitarian citizenship. However, as the residents of favelas are organized in groups, propagates the concept of contributor rights one that adopts both systems of citizenship. This is because the autoconstruction in the favelas was not all inclusive; it excluded some residents. Despite this fact, it was recognized as the builder of the peripheries and emphasized the self-determination and accomplishment of the people in the favelas both at the individual and group level. In addition, autoconstruction promoted a universal citizenship distinct from the differentiated pattern. In the current peripheries, all the three concepts were significant in the development of citizenship. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the concept of citizenship, applying it to the city of Sao Paulo. The paper reveals that the insurgency witnessed in most of the informal settlements in the city are not mere instrumental outcry and violence, but a conflict of citizenship. As the city developed, there was no proper planning that took into consideration the low income earners or even the settlements that were earlier created by the workers. Therefore, there has been the emergence of new citizenship in Sao Paulo’s public spheres forced the authorities to look into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. The insurgency introduced new ways of accessing the situation; these brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the state’s current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance. Citizenship as examined in the paper calls for recognitio n of the rights of each and every resident of the city, as part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. Bibliography Avritzer, A., 2004. A Participacao em Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo: Editora Unesp. Conceicao, A., 2010. RMSP supera 20 milhoes de habitantes, calcula Seade. [Online] Available at: http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/economia,rmsp-supera-20-milhoes-de-habitantes-calcula-seade,503095,0.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Diken, B. & Laustsen, C.B., 2007. Sociology Through the Projector. New York: Routledge. Geo Cases, 2003. Sao Paulo: Population and Slum Housing. [Online] Available at: http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/Housing%20in%20Sao%20Paulo.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent citizenship in an era of global urban peripheries. [Online] Available at: http://www.publicspace.org/es/texto-biblioteca/eng/b001-insurgent-citizenship-in-an-era-of-global-urban-peripheries [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Human Rights Watch, 2009. Lethal Force: Police Violen ce and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. New York: Human Rights Watch. McCann, B., 2006. The Political Evolution of Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas: Recent Works. Latin American Re, pp.149-63. Santos, B.d.S., 1995. Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge: Routledge. The Guardian, 2002. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. The Guardian, 27 October. UN Habitat, 2012. The Role of Urban Planning in Preventing Slums and Addressing the Existing Slums. [Online] Available at: http://www.mhu.gov.ma/Documents/TOP%2020/Pr%C3%A9sentations%2027%20nov/The%20role%20of%20urban%20planning%20in%20preventing%20slums%20and%20addressing%20existing%20slums.pdf [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Wakefield, E.G., 1968. A letter from Sydney. In The collected works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Glasgow : Collins. Wolfe, J., 2014. Working Women, Working Men: Sao Paulo & the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class, 1900–1955. Duke Unive rsity Press.

Economic Term and Healthcare History Essay

During history, health care economics has changed considerably. The main reason that stimulus change in health care economic are technology and medical care, however a lot has to do with evolutionary changes that the U.S. endured from the beginning. It is very essential to comprehend health care cash flow system and economic history. Administrators use this data to help organize the future of the corporation. In this paper, I plan to use the terms to elaborate on the history and evolution of health care economics and the timeline of finance. Before the year of 1990, there was not a significant health care in America. American medical association was just starting, individual were using home remedy to treat illnesses, physician was making house call and trade service for good, clinic were just getting started, and there were no such thing as health insurance. However, among the age of 1901 and 1940 health care and treatment made some significant change. Clinic became more necessary An tibiotics were found, improvements were made in cleanliness, and individuals came up with ideas for employment benefit. Also, individuals came up with ideas for health insurance. In the year of 1960 social security has been carried out, Medicare & Medicaid contracted into law, and Health Insurance Company were coming up all over (PBS, 1960). In the year of 1970, HMO came in effect, and the cost of health care started going out of control and increasing. Since we place great value on health, health care end up costing a lot. Health is so important to us that it go beyond the staff we have. The number of year’s specialist applies in training the more money government uses on public health. Also, health insurance plans provide by establishment are result as the significance society put on health care. Most important, the fact that what physician provide is important to us, we are willing to spend a lot on their training. Health care cost continues to increase over the past 50 years. This causes a problem for the elderly and low income individual. For example, elderly and low income people relatives are not able to get health treatment. During  the last 10 years, government have pushed for a national health care system. On March 23, 2010 the Affordable Care Act become enact (HHS, 2010). This is to modernize the health care business, making sure individuals are able to get health insurance and service, reduce insurance scam, and reduce the cost of health care. In the year of 2014, this is thought to be complete. Economics, microeconomics (particular aspect economic related to firm), macroeconomics (general aspect economic related to firm), Supply, demand, Inelasticity, elasticity, and gross domestic product (total market value). When concerning with Economics, it is good to explore and test ways to organize and finance the system in order to improve patient care. At its most basic level, health care is a handful of financial transactions, in which patients are obtaining insurance, physicians and hospitals provide services, pharmacies provide medications, and insurance companies pay for those goods and services. So to understand health economics, you must follow the money. When tracing the flow of funds through the health care system, it’s important to be aware that the money trail is constantly shifting, changing direction and size. Most important, the goal is to improve the delivery of health services, fund innovative and cost-effective medical procedures, cut the costs of health insurance, improve the nation’s health through prevention and better nutrition, and eliminate graft and corruption in the health care industry while raising it to a level that’s steady with the rest of the world. When concerning with supply and demand, competitive markets use prices to allocate goods and services to customers who want them the most (in monetary terms) and to pay suppliers for producing those goods and services (Thomas E. Getzen, 2007). Most real markets and virtually all medical markets depart to some degree from the model of perfect competition. Nevertheless, it’s a useful starting point for evaluating the economic forces that shape human transactions, even when time, pain, risk, and tradition cause substantial deviations from the simple model. The demand curve has been discussed at length. But wh at about supply? Again, it’s vital to note that the economic concept of supply is always a supply curve. A supply curve is a graph (or schedule) that shows the total amount of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. This curve emphasizes change, allowing us to focus on a range of replies indicating how firms will vary the amount supplied as the price increases or decreases. Just the demand  curve the marginal benefit curve showing how people the market willing pay for more unit good perfect competition the supply curve marginal cost curve showing how much paid induce the market provide more unit. Firms facing inelastic demand see that the total revenue goes down when they sell more units. Firms facing elastic demand find that profits increase when prices are reduced to sell more units. Firms facing unit elasticity see that total revenues remain unmoved. Most medical care is relatively inelastic. Pain, critical needs, fear of risk, and insurance tend to decrease the role of price in patient decision making. Note what happens to a firm that sells more of an inelastic good: Because increasing the quantity sold by 2 percent requires a substantial decline in value, perhaps 10 percent, the firm loses money. Most hospitals face very inelastic demand, especially for emergency services, yet they charge less than profit-maximizing prices. Why don’t they charge more if doing so would increase profits? The reasons are many, ranging from the desire to help the poor to administrative controls over allowable changes. Also, the sensitivity to price change today is significantly less than the ultimate response to a price change in the long run. Some medical goods—especially those for which consumers have several choices and enough information in advance of purchase, such as allergy medications—are price elastic. For these goods, total revenues would decline if prices were increased. Thus, it’s more likely that a medical provider facing elastic demand is behaving more like a standard profit-maximizing firm. However, price controls, informal norms about overcharging, and other deviations from perfect competition may still be significant, even in the more price-sensitive medical markets. In conclusion, history health care economics has changed considerably. The primary reason that stimulus change in health care economic are technology and medical care, however a lot has to do with evolutionary changes that the U.S. endured from the beginning. It is very essential to comprehend health care cash flow system and economic history. Administrators use this data to help organize the future of the corporation. Because change healthcare improve the delivery health services fund and medical procedures cut the costs health insurance improve the nation health prevention and better nutrition and elim inate graft and corruption the health care industry while raising it is steady the rest the world Most significant, in this paper I elaborated on the history and  evolution of health care economics and the timeline of finance using the term. References HHS. (2010, March). Key Features of the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from U.S Department of Health & Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/facts/timeline/index.html PBS. (1960). Healthcare crisis History. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/history.htm Thomas E. Getzen, J. M. (2007). The Flow of Funds Through the Health Care System. Retrieved from Wiley Pathways Health Care Economics: https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:42330586/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/699329c0-2f30-4b04-b7f8-5fbcc80d8738/expanded/False

Theories of Parenting ( Baumrind, Maslow, Adler and Erikson) Assignment

Theories of Parenting ( Baumrind, Maslow, Adler and Erikson) - Assignment Example This kind of parents demands little attention from their children and make consultations, on principal family matters. This is a wrong step in trying to raise children as the parents normally consult even on insightful matters meant for adults. Permissive parent families give forth to children who are mutinous, impetuous and aggressive with other children. In as much as such children fell part of the family, they have self-esteem, which might drive them to poor performance in schools. Consequently, Baumrind portrays other parent families as authoritative. The family has characteristics of using stringent and positive means of correcting children. Discipline is the key education of children in this family as it uses little punishment methods while considering their feelings and emotional states (King, 2009). Authoritative parents require mature children of independent behavior and limited curiosity. The main principle behind authoritative parents is the fact that the parents value ins trumental and expressive qualities to raise their children. The family gives forth to proficient children at school mainly due to external pressure but not self-esteem. The king of behavior results into low self-esteem and emotional instability often characterize by depression. Closely associated with authoritative parents are the authoritarian parents whose main expectation from their children is obedience. These parents have rules governing their subjected to their children whereby minute misbehavior, are not negotiable. They follow a given social structure with the parent say becoming a law to the children. Such children become obedient in life although characterized by low self-esteem, as they cannot conduct what they desire. Subsequently, uninvolved parents also exist as proposed by Baumrind. These parents get portrayed as rejecting, careless and nonintermittent parents who do not mind what and where their children are at given time. This is due to emotional settings about the children or lack of time. Uninvolved parents give forth to mislead children as they often turn to other people for advice. Consequently, the children are a subject of abuse from outsiders due to the carelessness of the parents (King, 2009). Apart from Baumrind, Maslow is another psychologist who conducted intensive research in parenting. He highlighted various conditions, which if met by parents, they are likely to raise moral children. According to him, there are principal considerations parents need to take into consideration. To start include basic psychological needs like sleep water, food, water, clothing as well as shelter. When the psychological needs are not met, children often, rear away from their normal behavior into other means of realizing such basic needs. Apart from psychological basic needs, esteem needs also raise attention. These include respect from ether sides. Consequently, self-actualization through various standards also becomes a key consideration towards rai sing a strong family. The children should have recognition for reality, autonomist as well as self-evaluation of various phenomena. This is also applicable to parents who must express love, security, belongingness, safety and concern for others. Adler institute is another body, which has conducted diverse research on child parenting to come up with development maturities suitable for competent and efficient parents. Some of the qualities Adler

How you can enrich our diverse and inclusive community Essay

How you can enrich our diverse and inclusive community - Essay Example Therefore, it aims to give the best service students and employees can possibly experience so that in a mutual, though usually unspoken understanding, everyone would do his best to do what is expected. As a student, I understand that I am expected to do my responsibilities not only for myself but for the school and community as well. In order to support the vision of the school, I commit myself to an understanding of diversity and being respectful of the rights of everyone I engage with, whether students, professors or staff members. I understand that every person has his/her abilities and capabilities and that I am able to learn from them in different manners so, I want to enter the school with great expectation that each minute I spend with the people here, would add to my knowledge and wisdom. Being a part of the vision, I think I can also be a source of information with my life experiences that brought me to a deeper understanding about life and my motivations of becoming an integral part of the school. Understanding that students and employees come from various races, I can contribute to an inclusive community by respecting other races and creating a welcoming atmosphere for them in my presence. I can do my best to work hard in order to eliminate any discriminative words or actions rather have other people help me be molded to my highest potentials, with the diversity of culture, abilities and capabilities other races possess. I think I can also make a commitment to leadership which means I do not have to be in a recognized position in order to do my obligations as a concerned citizen but that I can contribute to leadership by having the initiative to do what is right. As the school is committed to excellence, I will also do my best not only to acquire knowledge and experience in the school but to join in the commitment of the school and aim to use all my potentials in the attainment of the said goal. I can commit myself not only to the highest

Examine an interaction or event from your clinical placement, which Essay - 1

Examine an interaction or event from your clinical placement, which has required you to demonstrate professional conduct (NMC 2008) - Essay Example The author employed a variation of the Thornwaite-type technique, as well as correlated AET and Deficit supported by tree species distribution. The data used is primary because it was collected and analyzed by the authors, and not mined from some other sources. Temporal analysis is used on a moderate scale, and the analytical method used is plots (Lutz, Wagtendonk, & Franklin, 2010). The author uses plots to analyze the data and to represent the data sets. The author plots the data sets as graphs depicting the correlation between multiple sets of data. The authors computed species climatic envelopes in wide ranges of climatic gradients. They also distinguished tree species using Deficit and AET. For all species, modeled Deficits grew by an average of 5% from past and present, while forecasted growth in Deficit from present and future were found to be 23% in all plots (Lutz, Wagtendonk & Franklin, 2010). The authors have answered the hypothesis by providing sound analyses and evidence to meet the aims (Lutz, Wagtendonk & Franklin, 2010). The authors also discuss further studies in the areas of topographic scale distributions of aquatic balance, potential impacts of climate change situations, the scale of vegetation change, sensitivity of plant and animal species, and the downscaling problem (Lutz, Wagtendonk & Franklin, 2010). What I find most interesting is the analyses conducted on AET and

Genres in the Book of Revelation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genres in the Book of Revelation - Essay Example Considering the apocalyptic approach, there exists no clear proof that the author had found basis on non-canonical Jewish apocalyptic literature despite the efforts of comparison made between the Book of Revelation and non-biblical Jewish writings within the span 200 BC to AD 200. Revelation evidently utilizes symbolism and visions with surreal imagery of beasts and angelic mediators, declares divine judgment, emphasizes the kingdom of God, prophesies a new heavens and a new earth, and consists of a dualism of ages. On exhibiting the text’s prophetic attribute, however, the author of Revelation uses the words: ‘prophecy’, ‘prophesy’, ‘prophesying’, ‘prophet’, and ‘prophets’ which are mentioned twenty-one times interchangeably throughout the book. ... n effect, the reading individual manages to contemplate as the prophet does on God’s word as the former tends to designate himself within the prophet’s line of thought which eventually directs one to follow the divine information with ease. Knowing that the Book of Revelation is also detailed in an apocalyptic manner, it concerns me to ponder deeply on the fate of mankind once the world meets its end. I know that everything on earth is perishable so as one major practical application of this book in terms of its apocalyptical substance, I would treat each day or moment as if it were the last in order that I could make the most of it by encouraging myself initially to be happy then sharing this happiness to the people within my circle of influence that they may find ease in dealing with life’s ordeals and possibly understand what love means exactly through joyfulness. This way, there emerges a high chance of being led towards righteousness without fear of the myst erious end. (2) Galatians 4:4-5 states â€Å"But, when the time had fully come, God sent His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those under the law, that we might receive the full rights of sons.†Ã‚   During this time, the culture is significantly bound by the rules or discipline imposed via the law which men created for themselves. Under these circumstances, Galatians 4:4-5 statement alludes the fact that since it is God’s ultimate desire to reach out to his creation and make his love known to men for the sake of salvation, by virtue of humility, He acknowledged having the design of Incarnation to be within the confines of human functions and regulations. In this manner, men had been able to obtain knowledge of God and faith with convenience at the time for it is in the comfort of their

Improving business through operations management Case Study

Improving business through operations management - Case Study Example According to one of the owners, they pointed three major for the reasons for closure of restaurants. Firstly, Deibel said the property they lost through the kitchen stalled them back hence considering the closure. Secondly, they were facing a lot of and stiff competition locally from other restaurants around Cambridge offering the same services for example nearby restaurants like Oronico restaurant, Charlie’s kitchen and the red house restaurant. Thirdly, they said they decided to close up the restaurant to allow them pursue other opportunities. Lastly, the owners of the building had sold the building they operated and it forced them to vacate. Insufficient capital: limited capital has a negative effect on the longevity of the restaurant. Owners should keep enough capital so that in cases of a loss and increased costs they can be indemnified back to normal position (Koch, Herman, and Garrett 11). Lack of health care covers to employees: Restaurant owners should consider health care programs so that they comply with the law. This helps or reduces costs when loss occurs like fire experienced in upstairs restaurant. Business operational management determines the life span, profitability and daily expenditure of the business (Koch, Herman, and Garrett 232). As we have seen above a restaurant should identify certain common challenges before starting or when during operation of the business for example competition which is

2010 Arizona law about checking anyone that law inforcement suspected Essay

2010 Arizona law about checking anyone that law inforcement suspected to be undocumeneted - Essay Example lenges manifested the act on its voidance of the civil and political rights as enshrined in the international convents and the constitution (Rough, 2010). A preliminary injunction was issued by a federal judge before the Act took full effect to allow the determination of the controversial issues in the said act. There were four provisions that were contentious in the said act. They included: In June 2012, the matter in this case, Arizona v United States, a ruling was made that upheld and affirmed the contentious provision requiring an immigration status check during lawful stops or arrests (Barnes, 2012).Markedly, the US Supreme Court stroke out the other contentious clauses and they were rendered void. Those clauses were found to be a breach of the supremacy clauses of the United States Constitution (Barnes, 2012). The United States Constitution is the supreme law, and any other law that is contrary to it is inapplicable. The striking out of some of the contentious clauses by the court brought relieve to critics of the act who viewed the Act as repugnant to moral equity and justice. Some persons were of the view that these laws would bring about the issue of racial profiling and furthermore, catalyze racial discrimination among citizens (Thompson, 2010). It is sober to note that this law sparked lots of protests in some of the states of the United States of America with critics calling for boycotts. Nevertheless, some opinion polls seemed to show that most citizens of the Arizona supported the act. They also showed that that they wanted the repealing of some of the sections that were considered to be strict and prompted discomposure of aliens who were immigrants (Thompson, 2010). The bill also took a political angle with support/criticism of the said law being subjected to party positions and not individual understanding of the realities surrounding this law. Most Democrats were opposing the bill and vehemently criticizing it while most Republicans supported

Use of hydrocarbons as fuels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of hydrocarbons as fuels - Essay Example The early man’s industries included mining and smelting of ores, and a later transition from Stone Age to Metal Age. This resulted to not only wastage, but also potential spread of carbon monoxide, toxic elements of mercury, and lead among others. However, with Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, the introduction of the steam engine saw the industrial growth due to possible transportation of industrial goods hence more pollution due to higher industrial demands (Khopkar 2004 p.16). These industries pollute the environment through sulfur dioxide, dioxin, and other toxic substances. The pollutants are in form of liquid, gas, and other solid forms that seriously damage the bio system. Air pollution is inevitable within the industrial process although industrial ecology aims at harmonizing the industrial sector and the biosphere as a solution to this growing problem. The chemistry involved in this industrial process includes production of emissions like SO2, Nitrogen Oxides, and particulate emissions. Sulfur dioxide a content of fuel gases is one-quarter depending on the fuel. A coal-fired power plant produces 2.5million of fuel gas per hour if its output is 700MW, and emits 2.5 tons of sulfur per hour. However, the sulfur emissions are lower in industrial sources compared to power plants and occur where heating reactors use sulfur fuels. Oxidation of dust and soot particles with heavy metals due to presence of water droplets can result to acid smog that has deleterious effects on respiratory system. During combustion of nitric acids, the combustion process forms nitrogen oxides that are common air pollutants. Once Nitrogen oxide and the molecular oxygen or other radicals oxidate they form nitrogen dioxide. A good example is the use of sulfuric acid that contains nitrous elements during super phosphate production, because the process emits over 50% of nitrogen oxide gases. The

People's management of stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People's management of stress - Essay Example As it is, stress was reported not to be classified as an illness. However, when people are persistently and constantly challenged by mental or emotional pressures over a long term, the effects could actually lead to serious illnesses (NHS 2012). The article by Allen (2011) published in The Guardian reveales that from a survey conducted by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD), stress has been identified to be the commonest cause of long-term sick leave in organizations. In this regard, the aim of the current study is to present the results of a survey conducted at the Sheffield City Centre where 100 adult people, both male and female, were asked five (5) questions related to stress. The method used was a questionnaire-survey through interview. The results would hereby be presented and appropriate recommendations in the concluding portion would be suggested. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine the major responses to concerns such as frequency of stress, causes, ways of managing stress through relaxation, taking time off work due to stress, and who to confide in when in stressful situations. They were asked five questions and their responses were tabulated and percentage results were revealed. The five questions asked are as follows: When asked how often do they feel stressed, the following pie chart shows that 45% of the respondents indicated occasionally (a few time a week), followed by sometimes (about half the time) at 20%. The least percentage was 5%, both answered by the 5 respondents as all the time and also 5 respondents as never. For those who responded that they are stressed, the major cause of stress was dominantly exhibited as relationships with family and friends at 25%, followed by money at 20%, fast pace of modern life and others, both at 10%, and only 5% indicated work. As such, the findings indicate that majority or 35 of the 100 people surveyed indicated that watching TV is their means of

Adult Education Essay Example for Free

Adult Education Essay Adults dont learn in the same way as children do because their personality structure is almost fully developed at that stage in their lives, along with a series of habits and practices that have been acquired during their lifetime. Therefore, the learning process must take into account how an adult perceives not only what is being taught, but also themselves; this includes, but is not limited to: considering their previous learning experiences, considering their temporal perspective especially when it comes to short term application of what is being taught, and matching education to their problems, needs, interests and expectations. The principles of adult education are: 1)Adults will only learn when they want to. Simply put, no adult will learn under pressure. They must be motivated to want to acquire new knowledge or skills that will help them in their work or day-to-day life. Thus, their desire to learn can decrease or increase depending on the approach and methodology that is being used. 2)Adults only really want to learn that which will help them in the short term. Adults will only learn when they feel they need to. Basically, any attained knowledge will only make sense if the adult can see the applicability of what is being learned 3)Adults learn by doing. No adult enjoys being fed vast amounts of theory with little or no practice. As we grow older, we much prefer a hands-on approach to things. The learning will be much more effective if we can take an active role in the learning process. Thus its important to encourage objective discussion both in analyzing the problem and coming up with a solution. 4)Adults will only learn by solving problems they can associate with their reality. They focus on real world problems and practical assimilation of what is being taught. 5)Experience will interfere in adult education. Thus, any new information being presented must be integrated with their own experience. 6)Adults learn better in an informal environment. They require a more relaxed atmosphere; one that will stimulate them to participate, 7)Adults need feedback. its important that learning process provide adults with constructive feedback, through self-evaluation questionnaires and activities. 8)Adults require a variety of teaching methods. The use of audiovisual materials is highly recommended with use of interactive activities such as role-playing, mock classes and presentations from the students.

The importance of socialization

The importance of socialization Socialization 1 Running Head:   The Importance of Socialization The Importance of Socialization Socialization is the process of learning how to become part of a culture.   Through socialization one learns the cultures language, their role in life, and what is expected from them.   Socialization is a very important process in the forming of personality.   Socialization occurs when one interacts with other people.   Socialization allows all individuals in a community to develop very similar values, norms, and beliefs (ONeil, 2009).   Socialization is a lifelong process, though the early stages of socialization are crucial (Shepard, 2009, p. 90).   Without Socialization a person will develop different physical and mental disabilities.   Socialization is a very important life process. The socialization of young children is very important. During the first few years of childrens live, children interacts only with a few different people, mostly family.   Everything children see and hear leaves an impression on them.   In this time children learn to walk, learn talk, develop the ability to have a relationship, and start developing personality.   A very important part of socialization is role taking.   The first step in role taking is the preparatory stage.   The Preparatory stage is also known as the imitation stage.   This stage begins shortly after the first year of life.   In this stage children imitate things happening around them, including sounds and physical movement, but do not understand what they are imitating. Around age three or four children begin the play stage.   In the play stage children start to take the role of one person at a time (Chapter 4: Socialization). Children pretend to be a mother, father, police officer, firefighter, teac her, doctor, or someone the children know or see; most likely someone the children look up to.   In this stage children imitate being someone else by doing things they think that person would do. The third and final stage of developing role taking is the game stage.   The game stage generally starts around age six.   In the game stage children imitate the roles of several others at the same time.   In the game stage the children learns to play sports and participate in group activities that require them to have some idea of what other people expect from them.   In this stage the children understands the roles of multiple people at the same time.   Role taking allows people to be part of a group (Shepard, 2009, p.96).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another part of the process of socialization is cognitive development.   Cognitive development refers to the development of thinking, knowing, perceiving, judging, and reasoning.   Children develop these abilities through things occurring around them.   According to Piagets theory Cognitive intelligence develops in stages. In Piagets theory there are four stages; the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage (Huitt and Hummel, 2003).   The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and ends around age two.   During this stage the children learns how to coordinate body movements with thoughts.   They learn that they are separate from other objects, and can cause things to happen.  Ã‚   The second stage is the preoperational stage.   This stage starts around age two and ends around age seven.   In this stage the children learns to associate symbols and lan guage with objects.   Children see everything through their own view point.   During this stage children are very self-centered.   The third stage, the stage of concrete operations, starts around age eight and ends around age twelve.   In this stage children learn to solve problems and reason using physical objects.   The fourth and final stage is the Formal operation stage.   This stage begins around age thirteen and continues into adulthood.   In this stage individuals begin to reason without using physical objects or symbols.   They learn to make a hypothesis to solve a problem.   All of these stages make up cognitive development (Shepard, 2009, p.95, 96).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three major Sources of Socialization that affect Children; family, school, mass media.   The Family is one of the most important parts of socialization for children, because, their first contact is with family, and for the first few years of life children interact mostly with family.   Children learn their values, norms, and beliefs from their family.   Their family is a large factor in what other people think about individuals.   In School children are in the hands of adults other than parents.   In school children learn to be less dependent on their parents.   In school children learn discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity.   In schools children socialize with friends.   Mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, movies, books, and the internet.   This form of socialization can be positive or negative.   Children learn how different social statuses are expected to behave.   Sometimes mass media distorts reality, and makes things appear more exciting than it really is.   These things have a great influence on children and are a very important part of socialization (Shepard, 2009, p.102-106). Without socialization children will not develop skills necessary for living.   They are not able to learn to talk, walk, eat, use the bathroom, read, write, and many other things.   There are some documented observations of children who have been socially isolated.   Three of these are Anna, Isabelle, and Genie (shepard, 2009, p.91). Anna was the second child to her unmarried mother.   They lived with Annas grandfather.   Annas mother thought that if her father would see Anna he would be angered.   Because of this, Anna was forced to live in a room that was much like an attic.   She was never given food, she lived solely on milk.   When she was discovered at age five, she could not walk, talk, and she showed no sign of intelligence.   Shortly after she was discovered, she was placed in a country home for children.   Within a year and a half at the country home she learned to understand simple commands, eat, keep herself clean, and walk.   Her speech made some improvement, but her speech was still the equivalent of a one-year-old.   After the year and a half at the country home, she was transferred to a school for retarded children.   At the school she made some progress in her speech, it was equivalent to the speech of a two-year-old.   She learned to do lots of very basic things, such as bo unce and catch a ball, eat normally, use the bathroom, dress herself, build with blocks, identify a few colors, and brush her teeth.   She died at age ten (Shepard, 2009, p.91, 92). Isabelle was the daughter of a single mother.   Her mother was a deaf-mute.   Isabelle was kept in dark room with her mother.   She was found at age six.   Her legs were bowed, she could not talk, and she was scared of strangers.   She was put into an intensive program of rehabilitation, she had a slow start, but then she progressed very quickly.   In two years she acquired the skills of a six-year-old.   When she was eight, her education was equivalent to the children her own age.   Her progress may be linked to the presence of her mother when she was isolated (Shepard, 2009, p.92). Genie was locked in a room from the time she was two till she was discovered, at age thirteen.   She was completely silent, because her father punished her for making any vocal sounds.   She could not chew food, because she had never been given solid food.   She could not stand strait, or straiten her arms.   Genie was not successful in her four years of rehabilitation.   After her rehabilitation she could not read, could only speak in short phrases, and she just started to control her feelings and behavior (Shepard, 2009, p.92). Socialization among children is very important.   Children must learn to walk, talk, eat, and lots of other life skills.   Without socialization individuals can not develop intelligence, and never learn how to perform basic daily functions.   Children must know the values, beliefs, and norms of the surrounding culture, so that they will be able to know what is expected from them. The process of socialization and the sources of socialization are very important in the developing of children. Socialization is a very Important Process throughout life, but it the most important in young children.   Works Cited Chapter 4:   Socialization. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2009, from http://www.latech.edu/tech/liberal-arts/sociology/white/3socialization.htm Huitt, W., Hummel, J. (n.d.). Piagets theory of cognitive development. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University, Retrieved October 5, 2009, from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html ONeil, D. (2009, January 3). socialization. Retrieved September 28, 2009, from anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm Shepard, J. M. (2009). Sociology (Cengage Advantage Books). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Stress is a rising concern in corporate world

Stress is a rising concern in corporate world Stress is a rising concern in corporate world. In fact, repeat increase in percentage of workers in global economies experiencing a rise in workplace stress. According to survey by Northwestern National Life One-fourth of employees consider their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives. Job life is the most important part of employee life but on other hand it is one of the key reason of stress. Job atmosphere contain with competitive nature that why people in the world are more center in achieving job related goals and ignoring the stressors which influencing their work and life. (Ahsan, Abdullah, Gun Fie, Alam, 2009).Due to stress an organization can suffer serious crisis such as reduction in employee productivity, increase in employee turnover, inferior motivation levels and augment between employee conflicts. The main object of this article is establish a comparative analysis on employee characteristics versus working conditions and identifies the primary cause of job stre ss. Most researchers have the same opinion on certain factor highly stressful in work environment for example organizational culture and function can be stressful due to poor communication, lack of support in problem resolving and higher management failure in defining organizational goals lead to stress. Under or over promotion, poor pay, nature of job causes stress regarding employee personal career development. If management fails to identify the employee roles in organization then role ambiguity and role conflict generate stress. Lack Interpersonal relationships at work, conflict in demands work to home and work overload also multiply the stress effect on employee (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2002) There is multiple Job condition that may lead to stress. Long working hours, infrequent rest break, hectic and routine tasks in shift works, lack in employee skill utilization little sense of control at work place these all work condition can be categorized in design of task which leads to stress. Management Style can causes stress for example lack of employee participation decision making, poor communication hierarchy in the organization, excessively tight controls by the managers creates negative stress among the employees. Depressed organization environment, lesser amount of support from coworkers and deficiency in providing help by supervisors reduces the interpersonal relationships and increase the chances of stress. Role overload with uncertain job expectations and too much work to home responsibility creates stress which leads to role conflict. Rapid changes in political, economic and technology extend stress and increase job insecurity and jamming the opportunity for employee growth. Symptoms of physical stress are headaches or backaches, muscle tension, diarrhea or constipation, nausea, dizziness, Insomnia, Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, weight gain or loss, skin breakouts (hives, eczema), Loss of sex drive and frequent colds. (The Texas AM University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating, 2009) Signs and symptoms of stress can also be caused by other psychological and medical problems. The prime focus of this article is to identify employee behavioral symptoms during stress and how they affect employee physiological wellbeing. Employee behavioral symptoms during stress can be define as increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on organizational performance. If the role in an organization is not clear or unclear boundaries of responsibility due to this situation interpersonal friction between the persons involved. Unfortunately, the conflict often categorizes as interpersonal conflict rather than role conflict, and resolution is then complicated and misdirected. (Fisher, c. 1977, Rev. 1985, 2000.) Role conflict is a type of social conflict it is due to when an individual being require to perform more than one role and these role are highly incompatible from each others. In individual case a person responsibility is being torn between multiple roles with in organization or groups or outside the organization. When an employee has to carry out multiple management roles with in one department it can case conflict between supervisor and co-worker roles. In journal role conflict occur due to overlapping of responsibility and obligations to different group. With an organization point of view role conflict can be define, when individual employee have to perform numerous conflicting responsibilities. Role conflict can also be build up within organization boundaries, when employees require to generating more production and on other hand managers demands supervisors for more improve quality controls. Responsibility of results, without sufficient authority to achieve unrealistic objectives leads to role conflict. Employee life can also suffer from work to family role conflict which reduces the organizational commitment. Increase competitive pressures on organizations for increase outcomes and requiring more time for workforce results in less time available for the employees to be with their families. Finding indicates that there was a major contribution of work-family role conflict to organizational commitment. (Akintayo, 2010) Work-family role conflict generates due to various reasons and these can be unique to each individual situation. Source for Work-family Role conflict can be time-related, strain-related or behavior-related and the outcome of role conflict can be in shape of both psychologically and behaviorally stress. Employee feels guilt about spending less time at home due to work overload at work place, lack in social communication with co-workers at work place or family members at home. Work family conflict affects unenthusiastically employee work and family life quality. It is difficult for employee to carry out responsibility in work domain at the cost of neglecting responsibility and time at family domain. Employee inability to socialize due to work load, responsibility of results without sufficient authority and unrealistic objectives leads to stress with the outcome of role conflict effecting employee productivity. Telecom industry in Pakistan has shown rapid growth and proven its importance in economic growth. Many foreign investments are being invested in Pakistan in telecom industry total of 1438.60 million US $ foreign direct investment in telecom sector in year 2007-08. GST/CED Collection from Telecom Sector is Rs. 44.53 billion in 2007-08. Telecom sector share in GDP is 2 % in 2005-06. (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, 2009) Reason why employee facing stress is due to nature of their job attending non-stop mobile calls, direct interaction with customers and achieving the target within limited time line make the employee stressful (Dollard, Dormann, Boyd, Winefield, Winefield, 2003). Employees have to produce quality through resolving the customer problems so they can remain satisfied while increasing the quantity to reduce the cost by following preset standards. (Suri Rizvi, 2008) There is great rivalry among telecom companies in attempt to gain a larger market share. Due to the enormous competition among different companies, employees are obliged to increase productivity and provide better quality under unrealistic quality controls. This is the ideal situation where stress can easily generates and cause its negative effect on employee productivity. The nature of call center job also posses necessary ingredients which are identify by the scholars for role conflict. This article provides the information how an employee effect by stress which cases role conflict. Another objective is to identification of key factor which cases stress, role conflict and their relationship with employee productivity. Testing relationship among these factors and there outcome with the help of quantitative tools. This research can provide benefits to company owners, CEO, managers and supervisors, how they can develop the stress free workplace culture. It can also be use as a guide line in prevention and control of the causes of job stress and role conflict. The outcome of this research can be low employee turnover, reduction in workplace conflict and increase in productivity. Organization can reduce the impact of stressors by minimize the role conflict and role ambiguity by developing such policies which gave employee more authority, so they can perform their work activities. Stress affects the performance of employees for last three decades comprehensive work has been done in this regard. The source and outcome of stress are dissimilar in every individual case that why its hard to held responsibility of stress on few stressors. Rising development and expansion in markets and businesses establish the need for more research on stress, how work related stressor effect performance and predict the effect of workplace stressor. Researchers are keen to build up intervention designed which reduces the possible negative impact of stressor on job performance. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008). Study has point out the following familiar sources of job stress with in organizational environment which can affect employee wellbeing. Role ambiguity is the vague categorization of rite, duties, responsibility and limitation that describe employees job. Work relationships such as employee relationship with its coworkers and mangers. Employee communication gap with its coworkers can cause stress. Employees feels that they have proper training, resources, equipment and tools to perform their task. Career advancement refers to employee expectations and prospects to growth within organization. Lack of opportunity in growth increases the stress. Insecurity of losing job and uncertainty about the future also cultivate stress. Lack in decision making, authority and control at work sturdily correlate with stress. Work-home interface also cause the stress, when work responsibility spill over with employee home life. This can create complexity in employee relationship outside the work specia lly when employee experiencing lack of social support. Workload refers to when employees are unable to produce or fulfill the work requirement according to what is ask to them. When employees are expected to perform more with in limited time or resources allocate to them, in the result employee experience stress at workplace. Compensation and benefits gives employee the feeling of self-worth and their value to the organization. The nature and structure of job can cause stress job such as how much physical working is require, what would be the working conditions, how much challenging and experience would be drive from the job and type of tasks. (Coetzee Villiers, 2010). Work-related factors can be formulate due to work over load when job is requiring more output and attention in limited duration or underutilization of employees skills and they start feeling that their knowledge and experience is ignore and wasted. When employee starting to realize that his job is boring or tedious. (Green, et al., 1995). Job or role ambiguity creates stress when job requirement are not formally designed and worker are uncertain about their responsibilities and duties. (Beehr, 1985). Role ambiguity negatively correlated with employee creativity but role conflict when mediate by self-efficacy show positive link with employee creativity. Future more self-efficacy and job satisfaction provide weak mediators link between role conflicts. Conversely lone job satisfaction provide weak mediator link between role ambiguity and creativity. (Tang Chang, 2010) Employee has to manage the numerous roles at the same time. Whenever time dedicated at work make difficult to fulfill his family roles requirements then work to family conflict generates and the outcome of this conflict is stress. (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985) Employee has to develop their professional skills in order to meet the changing requirement due to advancements in technology. In the absence of advance knowledge individual feels job insecurity. These technological advancements make the workplace more complicate and stressful. (Tse, 2010) In service provider occupation lack in professional aspect (autonomy, client satisfaction and collegiality) and greater Bureaucratic Conditions (formalization and reutilization) leads to work overload and role conflict which is correlate with unmet expectation. Higher unmet expectation linked with higher job stress. Unmet expectations play important role in organizational-professional conflict because in bureaucratic structure organizations employees consider that their skills and abilities are being run over which harms employee expectations and case stress. (Lait Wallace, 2002) Individual with strong internal locus of control are less effect by work stress as compare the one with an external locus of control. Support from coworkers and supervisors are beneficial in reducing workload stressors. Work stress is positive correlated with depression and resource is negatively correlated with depression. Resource consider as a coworker and supervisor lend a hand in workload and strength the individual internal locus of control. Supervisor support narrowed down the prediction for role conflict. (Stanley, Muramatsu, Heller, Hughes, Johnson, Valles, 2010) In Meta analysis seven stressors have been identified (job performance: role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, work-family conflict, environmental uncertainty, and situational constraints) and they show negative correlation with job performance. Investigation of moderators relationship is highly negative correlated with role overload with performance in managers as compare with subordinates. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008) Autonomy at work reduce the role conflict and positive link with job satisfaction (R u y t e r, W e t z e l s, F e i n b e r g, 2001). The consequences of stress within organization are increase turnover, absenteeism and employee low productivity. Employee productivity is interlink with work environment .Employer should articulate work environment in such manner that the challenging task can be accomplish in a productive way. Encouraging work environment motivate employees and bad working conditions contribute to low productivity of employees. (Taiwo, 2010)

The Irony Depicted in Shakespeares Henry V Essay -- Henry IV Henry V

The Irony Depicted in Shakespeare's Henry V As Norman Rabkin has observed, Henry V is a play which organizes critics into "rival camps" of interpretation (35). It can be seen as a play that is ambiguous; a play that exposes the playwright's own indecision; a play that aggressively takes sides in favour of nationalistic fervour which Shakespeare himself didn't believe in (35). All of these views, writes Rabkin, are wrong since according to him the play's "ultimate power" lies in its ability to "point in two opposite directions, virtually daring us to choose one of the two opposed interpretations" (36). In fact, it is Rabkin that is wrong: not in his supposition that the play "dares" the audience to choose, but rather, that a reading of Henry V cannot simultaneously contain all of the above. Another view would be that the ambiguity, the indecision, the disbelief and the forced choice, are all part and parcel of an urgently ironic reading. This can be justified through the ultimate irony of the play: that as "character driven," i t lacks a real character to drive. "The King," after all, is an abstract concept bounded by prescribed rules of conduct in contradiction to subjective agency. This reading borrows from post-colonial critiques such as Spivak, since it leads to authority as being responsible for generating its own excesses by virtue of what it is; it winds up parodying itself. It is a devastating critique of governance and for those that seek to govern; in this reading, Henry V may go beyond Machiavellian orchestrations to undermining the entire project of governance. Many literary critics have argued that Henry can be interpreted as Machiavellian in some respects, and this can be related to recurring themes of interio... ...polemic-- does not diminish but rather provokes and sustains a dialogic discourse. Admittedly, there is little danger of this not happening without an ironic reading; Henry V, after all, continues to be performed hundreds of years after it was written. But certainly an ironic reading brings us closer to unexplored theatrical potentials, not to mention the dismantling --if only temporarily--of societal assumptions of governance. Bibliography: Brennan, Anthony. Henry V. NY: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Rabkin, Norman. "Either/Or: Responding to Henry V," William Shakespeare's Henry V. NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Siemon, James R. "The 'Image Bound': Icon and Iconoclasm in Henry V," William Shakespeare's Henry V. Shakespeare, William. Henry V. The Norton Shakespeare Histories. Stephen Greenblat, General Editor. NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. The Irony Depicted in Shakespeare's Henry V Essay -- Henry IV Henry V The Irony Depicted in Shakespeare's Henry V As Norman Rabkin has observed, Henry V is a play which organizes critics into "rival camps" of interpretation (35). It can be seen as a play that is ambiguous; a play that exposes the playwright's own indecision; a play that aggressively takes sides in favour of nationalistic fervour which Shakespeare himself didn't believe in (35). All of these views, writes Rabkin, are wrong since according to him the play's "ultimate power" lies in its ability to "point in two opposite directions, virtually daring us to choose one of the two opposed interpretations" (36). In fact, it is Rabkin that is wrong: not in his supposition that the play "dares" the audience to choose, but rather, that a reading of Henry V cannot simultaneously contain all of the above. Another view would be that the ambiguity, the indecision, the disbelief and the forced choice, are all part and parcel of an urgently ironic reading. This can be justified through the ultimate irony of the play: that as "character driven," i t lacks a real character to drive. "The King," after all, is an abstract concept bounded by prescribed rules of conduct in contradiction to subjective agency. This reading borrows from post-colonial critiques such as Spivak, since it leads to authority as being responsible for generating its own excesses by virtue of what it is; it winds up parodying itself. It is a devastating critique of governance and for those that seek to govern; in this reading, Henry V may go beyond Machiavellian orchestrations to undermining the entire project of governance. Many literary critics have argued that Henry can be interpreted as Machiavellian in some respects, and this can be related to recurring themes of interio... ...polemic-- does not diminish but rather provokes and sustains a dialogic discourse. Admittedly, there is little danger of this not happening without an ironic reading; Henry V, after all, continues to be performed hundreds of years after it was written. But certainly an ironic reading brings us closer to unexplored theatrical potentials, not to mention the dismantling --if only temporarily--of societal assumptions of governance. Bibliography: Brennan, Anthony. Henry V. NY: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Rabkin, Norman. "Either/Or: Responding to Henry V," William Shakespeare's Henry V. NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Siemon, James R. "The 'Image Bound': Icon and Iconoclasm in Henry V," William Shakespeare's Henry V. Shakespeare, William. Henry V. The Norton Shakespeare Histories. Stephen Greenblat, General Editor. NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.

Representations Of Masculinity And Femininity In Miguel Street Essay

Representations of Masculinity and Femininity in Miguel Street It has been said about V.S. Naipaul's novel Miguel Street that "One of the recurrent themes... is the ideal of manliness" (Kelly 19). To help put into focus what manliness is, it is important to establish a definition for masculinity as well as its opposite, femininity. Masculinity is defined as "Having qualities regarded as characteristic of men and boys, as strength, vigor, boldness, etc" while femininity is defined as "Having qualities regarded as characteristic of women and girls, as gentleness, weakness, delicacy, modesty, etc" (Webster). The charcters in Miguel Street have been ingrained with the pre- conceived notions of the roles that Trinidadian society dictates for men and women. Naipaul not only uses these notions to show the differences of the sexes, but takes another step in telling anecdotes of characters showing their anti-masculine and anti- feminine features. This will lead to the discovery that our definitions of masculinity and femininity prove that those characteristics apply to the opposite sex in which the women often act like men, and the men often act like women. All of this will be discussed through looking at both male and female characters in the book as well as the boy narrator of the book. Finding examples of manliness are found with great ease considering that 12 of the 17 stories in some way deal with the theme of manliness (Thieme 24). It doesnt take long before the first example, a carpenter named Popo, is introduced. In the chapter titled "The Thing Without A Name" we are told that "Popo never made any money. His wife used to go out and work and this was easy , because they had no children. Popo said ' Women and them like work. Man not made for work" ( Naipaul 17). This attitude immediately makes Popo stand out from the rest of the men of Miguel Street. Hat (a character that will be discussed later) deems Popo as a "man- woman. Not a proper man" (Naipaul 17) because Popo's wife makes all the money. From this brief description of Popo, the reader quickly learns as to what makes a man manly on Miguel Street. Popo has no children which questions his virility. It is also important to notice that Popo's wife has no identity except that of being P... ...42). I think a lot can be looked into that matter. We expect how men and women should act, but yet in Miguel Street it ends up being all about illusion. This doesnt apply to the secondary characters of the novel, as they serve their purposes of being the stereotypical men and women of Trinidad and in this case, Miguel Street. But the main characters never turn out to be who you initially think they are. Laura, Emelda, Mrs. Morgan and the narrator's mother are examples of women who take charge in their homes. They work, they beat and raise their children, and take on the roles of being the masters of their homes. Hat, Popo, Morgan, Man man (who only acts like he's crazy), and Big Foot (who as big as he is, is really a wimp inside) are examples of the illusion that men are the superior ones of Miguel Street. Only a shallow read could see that otherwise. When all is said and done it is the women who carry the qualities of "strength, vigor and boldness" while the men have the qualities of "gentleness, weakness, delicacy" although definitly not "modesty". On Miguel Street, the only male quality the men have is the lack of modesty, the rest is all illusion.

Fast Food vs Organic Essay

Have you ever sat and back and wondered why there are so many obese people in the U. S.? You would think that with all of the buzz about organic foods that we have available, that we would slowly be getting better with our weight as a country. Unfortunately the reality of the situation is organic food are expensive and with the way the economy is today many people are working on a budget and simply cannot afford to splurge on the organic items. So now that we know that lets look at the second half of that equation, Fast Food! Now as much as people criticize the fast food industry it’s convenient and like the name says fast. Now days most people do not want to come home after a long, hard day of work and slave over the stove to cook a hot meal for their family. However what they don’t realize is how much that food is poisoning us. Take McDonalds for example, it has been brought to the public’s attention just what goes on when they are making their food. The food looks like food that you would make in your kitchen, but it is actually manufactured. French fries use to be made by potatoes peeled in the back room and cut into strips. Today they are made in large factories, frozen and processed. Some of the ingredients are very fatty. Even though they have said that they â€Å"were† injecting the chicken nuggets with a pink dye, people are still running to the franchise for their food. I am not judging anyone by any means just stating my observations. Now if you think about it most families probably spend about $100 a week on fast food. Why would so people spend so much money on fast food you ask? Its simple it’s easy, and it’s convenient and inexpensive. Compared to other foods it’s something that working people and ordinary people can go out and enjoy. The design of a fast food restaurant is very well thought out. We form our eating habits as children so they try to nurture clients as youngsters. It’s very important that the fast food companies make sure that their fast food meals for children are healthier. In contrast the benefits of eating organic foods are great and if you can afford them should definitely take advantage of them. The are good for both the earth and the environment. The animals are living stress-free, free-grazing on the land and not being manufactured in deplorable living conditions. Organic farmers use less energy, less water resources, and NO pesticides. Organic farmers’ soil stays rich in content, moisture and nutrients due to careful management of land and using only natural organic matter to grow their crops. When industrialized agriculture arrives in farming communities, many farmers are forced out of business. Each month dozens of new pesticides, show up in local supermarkets and stores. Because they are advertised heavily are purchased and used and thus the destruction of the earth continues slow and steady. Organic farmers, live cleanly. Free of pesticides and toxins.

Book review: Drew Magary’s PostMortal Essay

The Postmortal starts with whispers that an anti- senescent resume has been disc e trulywhereed. This is connatural to the hu hu gentlemans gentlemanness capacity enhancement project speculated in chapter 3 of Dickensons bioethics. Also, we picture similar proposal play verboten in the chapters of more and Vita-Mores Transhumanist Reader, where engineering is speculated to be used to stop aging process, enhance human intelligent, capability and agility. More even goes a step b arly to propose the Posthumanist overcoming the limitations that describe the less lovable aspects of human condition a bread and butter devoid of disease, aging and death. However, the Postmortal bring around does not prevent someone from acquire sick, diseases or even dying from accident, kinda it merely stops the body from ageing. That room a 27 year aged that gets the treatment leave affirm the analogous(p) body and physical appearance and fitness until the day they die. The linked St ates government immediately prohibits it for three decades, providing them an ample opportunity to look into it and comprehend the effects better.At this term, pro-cure and pro-death protesters were fighting more and more aggressively for and once against the cure respectively. Just corresponding the sacred cover fought against the stem cell search in chapter 6 of Dickensons bioethics in 2001, the sacred devotees fight against the anti-aging cure and the Vatican electric receptacles a blame against it. Underground treatments known as dreary market cure were being perpetuated. in the end John Farrell, the narrator got the cure at one of these underground markets. Within deuce weeks or in that respect ab step forward, he convinced his friend to get the treatment and thenceforth encountered a couple of tragical events associated with a mysterious woman that influenced his emotions throughout the story. Finally, the cure was legalized.The novel includes how things reg arding love, mating, and the law and government changes overtime. man and married woman became endangered because the fundamental presumption of wedding ceremony ceremony till death do us part has been con military positionrably altered. Johns law firm devised a unexampledfound form of marriage called cyclical marriage, a 40-year term marriage which involves an obligation to screw together as husband and wife for 40 years, with an option toseparate (with equally split assets) or to re naked as a jaybird the marriage for an otherwise 40 years at the end of the contract. The cure nearly brought marriage to a halt and love undermined as most the great unwashed believe there is a greater chance of breakup for a new lover.Mr. Farrell prefers not getting married to his lover who is pregnant with his do by but only choses to take get by of the child. As things change around the world, he continues to document his life experiences. A new form of worship is discovered whereby man is seen as the god of his own and ruler of the earth. A lot of people ferment outlaws and selfish others become religious enthusiasts epoch some others chose to refrain from getting the cure.throughout the course of the allow, the government gradually loses reassure over her citizens. Different laws atomic number 18 passed to hyperbolise death penalty to include self-aggrandising lee- trend to people who wish to die in a legal way without the motivating of committing suicide but which is of course cleanly wrong. The other detailed problems consist of jails, how to go forth housing to people and basic necessities, as advantageously as how to deal with countries that have become military powerhouses. Similar moral violation was seen in bioethics where executed Chinese prisoners kidneys be harvested for sale to wealthy westerners the Tuskegee and Guatemala experiments by the US Public Health in chapter 7 and the surrogate motherhood and testis selling in chapter 2. All these practices, in one way or the other violate morality at the unfeignedly least.As the story continues to unfold in the prevail, Mr. Ferrell falls in love again which also results in another tragic incident. Over and over again he tries to find joy but has his hopes dashed, signifying the situation that the cure for ageing is not really a great thing in galore(postnominal) ways. As the United States becomes unsafe, Russia and third-world nations lease control of surrounding nations and Chinese starts getting nuclear weapons to get rid of certain(a) tribes. Pregnant woman argon penalise because people hate the idea of vagary and child birth. A war over Antarctica begins and chaos sets in.Mean maculation in undemocratic societies like china and Russia, the government takes excessive advantage of the looming prospect of an exploding and forever junior world population in the aspect of diminishing resources. Russia forms a strong and dangerous army with eternally youn g soldiers China cuts herself off from the rest of the world, while the United States plummets into widespread class warfare while terrorism is on the high side as people kill at will. Its baffling how much of these are conceivable.At the end of the story, nuclear weapons are dropped on the coast of California where Mr. Farrell tries to scat the attack with his lover. But unfortunately the man is stabbed as they try to make their way to a safer ground. The injury is so flagitious that he bleeds so immensely and unluckily the end is here for him. Meanwhile as he gradually makes an inroad to a new world, he releases that there is no much(prenominal) thing as immortality. However, his lover is evaluate to survive.Nicholas Agar in his book, Humanitys End, objected similar enhancement proposal. From my understanding of the chapters, many of his objections are based on the premise that, for any action whose outcome is indeterminate and perhaps bad, we ought to presume that the worst could happen, and play to address all conceivable exigencies forwards proceeding further. Thus, going by the fancy (the story), we have seen how a cure that is sort of an everlasting treasure in the police wagon of many has turned out to be the greatest nightmare of all time to the society. Perhaps, if the world had applied due practical application (as noted in Agars book) before legalizing such cure, these problems could have been avoided.The book is an awesome read because it raises ones curiosity as you go further. You are eager to know what happens next and how things will unfold. It is a story that could very well happen. Most of the events in the book are also plausible reactions that the world could very well experience. The first two move of the book are intriguing as the world goes through a melodramatic change with the recognition of the cure, and I respect the tension that arose between pro-death and pro-cure groups. Again, similar religious protest was seen in Chapter 3 of Dickensons bioethics where religious movements fought against stem cell research and funding to a halt. Although the ban on its funding was later rescinded by prexy Obama, but the issueis still contest in courts.However, one minor issue that I hope to point out is for a story that started out in 2019 and runs through 2079, technology did not toss that much. Apart from a hardly a(prenominal) inventions like plug-in cars mentioned in the book and which even has same level of sophistication as todays plug-ins (charging duration of 48 hours), expert innovation seems to be frozen for several(prenominal) decades. One would expect that the significant population explosion expressed in the book would be accompanied by a robust capacity building and technical development that is aimed at addressing the problems of a few extra billion population of people around the world, rather technology seems dead(prenominal) in this book.

Macbeth †explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay

I am instanter going to explain in an shew format how I would direct Act2, image1 and what I would exchange from how the play has been originally shown.If I was directing Act 2 Scene 1, I would want Macbeth to appear to the earshot as if he is cracking below the pressure and for him to appear insane, unhappy and insecure. Macbeth acts dissimilar from when we first axiom him with Banquo, as without delay he is about to commit a crime of treason and kill his love great power. This is very different from when we first saw him as he loved his King and he would die for him but like a shot it is in reverse.This is important that the auditory sense actualise he is very different and non the like person due to his greed for power. It is imperative that he is portrayed this mode so the audience can realise he is weaker and worse of especially as his wife, Lady Macbeth has been pressuring him in to completing his assess of killing King Duncan. If it was not for his wife co nsequently I do not guess that Macbeth would make up gone by means of with it. This change in Macbeths example impart hopefully put up an affect on the audience so they can bump into how the three witches and his wife have abnormal him and his state of mind.Macbeth is realizing that he is weaker than he intellection and that he is making a mistake, he doesnt want to commit the murder but his wife pushes and pressures him into killing his King. This shows the audience that at this time Lady Macbeth is stronger than Macbeth and in a better state of mind. He starts to imagine things and this is a sign of him creation insane, and mentally unstable.Is this a dagger which I see before me,The handwritingle toward my hand? Come, let meClutch thee. p. 43This computer address is important in the understanding of Macbeths role in this scene. So I would want Macbeth to be sitting at the end of a table and to sound out this in such a way that the audience can see him act mentally in sane. I would want him expression the sentence slowly and negatively, emphasising toward as if he is surprised about it, also retentivity a dagger infront of him computeing at it up and down with eyes that look blurred feeling the blade. excessively I would want a low-angled shot wake him overcastting the camera to give back that extra position of madness during the first line.Then I would also have a goal up of him holding the dagger to thump his face and dagger in the same camera shot for the last both lines. To add to the tension of this speech in that location would be music playing in the background that would be farley heavy to give the impression of evil and what is about to happen. This bequeath make the audience grasp his character and understand what he is going through at this time in the play.after this speech I would have had Macbeth walkway up the stairs with the dagger face creaseazzled and insane and then I would have him raise it above his head as he reached the top of the stairs. After he comes out of the way I would have him looking down at his manpower ready to brake down and fall apart at his knees. Once he reaches his room I would have him collapse onto the bed and lay there feeling guilty. Also when he looks at his hands I would have him start to shed separate to show that he is a bellyacher and insecure.